Dialects In Contact 1-7, 9-11

(Milroy et al 1994)

-trad. glottal stop + t is dying out

-supralocal feature glottal stop is increasing

-used most in formal styles of young middle class women

-supralocal form that is spreading, spoken by middle class, female speakers

>female + middle class speakers are leading supralocal changes

Cheshire

-looked at TH fronting: widespread but not in Cheshire

-looked at unstressed + stressed (ing): stressed form dominant

-mix of standard + London English

-extreme media hype

-melting pot since WW2: economic strength

-sth going on, but far from focussed

-were done mostly by non-England-scholars

-no huge convergence

-more evidence is needed because of little data

1. it's not new (but perhaps more extensive than ever before, Ellis 1889)

2. it's not complete, it's a process in progress

3. happening why? regional internal contact + mobilities?

4. takes spotlight away from region internal variation + diversity

found beginning of Supralocalisation:

-shifting population

-mobility

>trend/direction can be seen, but not a complete process

-short distance travel (less than 5km)

-upper middle class ppl commute

-mobility geographically restricted

-relocation

-expansion in uptake of higher levels of education

-increases in public + private transportation

-geogr. reorientation of consumption behaviours > large shopping-malls outside of town

-increase in mobile + flexible working

-shift 1+2 > 3rd sector employment

-moving home

-increasing geogr. elasticity of family ties

South East

-human behaviour helped making that region

-SE is incredibly socially diverse

>socially divergent but linguistically convergent population > STRANGE!

1. commuting, counterurbanisation

2. Boundaries

3. restricted age + gender mobilities

-middle class

-gap between rich-poor

-globalization > look beyond nation state (e.g. Norwich disarticulates itself from the SE)

-sharpening of boundaries between areas in some places

-e.g. "bath vowel": Northeners adopt some new features but retain their bath feature + sharpen the boundary

(sociolinguists)

-kids push linguistic change but their mobility is restricted (school)

-grown up middle class ppl don't have that much influence on language

-adults are not good accommodators, their kids more important

-women's social networkss: more contact with wider range of ppl > more likely to be influenced =>why women lead supralocal language change

-3rd sector=more female + more mobile

-Evidence that local dialects are dying out > features with wider currency

-difficult to tell young ppl's geogr. origin

-progress, rather than complete + barriers (boundaries)

-mobility is socially diverse

-of many different kinds

-most affecting rural areas

-middle class speakers + their communities

-choice not sounding too local but also not disassociating themselves

-socially differentiated

-on non-natives in dialectology

-on (recently arrived) immigrants in dialectology

-AusE in Sydney

-included Italian, Greeks + Anglos

-wide range of vowels + consonant variables

-Anglos = least standard adults

-most non-standard varieties by Anglos

-most standard v. by Anglos + Italians

>Anglos

>to understand dynamics, ethnic minorities hat to be taken into consideration!

2nd generation speakers distance themselves from low prestige patterns of their parents to reach for native status

Tower Hamlets, interethnic transmission of language change

-SE English urban varieties in Inner London

-densely populated, largely multicultural

>white adolescent girls + boys with bangladeshi boys

-simplifying system

-glottal stops replace other features, spreads slowly to white population

-social network ties seem to be responsible for changes

>look at surrounding dialect, not picked up RP

-Italians in Bedford

-Bedford = highly ethnically mixed

-direct method data collection

-14 young

-face2face interaction

informal conversations

-10 Italian businesses

-Ethnographic recordings

-20h of naturally occuring workplace language + interaction

-1st gen: L2 varieties of English

-2nd gen: behave like Anglos

-3rd gen: similar to Bangladeshi in London

-t/d deletion

-length of residence

-level of English

-having an English partner

-attitudes towards Manchester

-use of Polish at work

>no difference if partner is from Manchester or not