Dialects In Contact 1-7, 9-11

a feature spreads to urban and rural within the cultural reach of that urban centre and only then spreads beyond

-L vocalisation in Australia

-London affects cultural area within reach. after that area has been affected it spreads further.

(rather rare)

innovations go up urban hierachiy, from rural to urban.

e.g. smoothing processes in rural north Norfolk diffusing southwards to urban centres in Suffolk > 'pure' /pjue/ to /pe:/

-doesn't take into consideration already existing features > diffusion involves contact!

-influence of gender, class, social networks ... not examined yet

generalize too much!

-everyone using innovation has an equal chance passing it on, adopting it, has same conditions etc.

-dial: erosion of local dialect features in favour of forms with wider social/geogr. currency

-Diff: geogr. spread of linguistic features from one place to another

-lexicon vs structure

-face2face communication

-exposure vs diffusion

relationships between:

-exposure to 'Media Cockney'

-use of TH fronting

-contact with English ppl

- attitudes to London accents

-ability to mimic London accents

(York Study)

-defining variable = difficult

a)many different possible quotatives

b)do they mean the same?

>reported speech OR reported thought?

c)'like' also as non-quotative too

-used more by females

-BE LIKE + think more common with 1st person, say =3rd person

-often used to report non-lexicalised sounds

>say rarely used for sounds

uprise in non-question discourse e.g. story telling

-little known

-occurs low levels of older ppl in NZ+Aus

>assumed to be recent phenomenon

-used across E-speaking world and other languages

-how rapid diffusion? TV?

>use on TV very low

>marketing

-softening-up role (Trudgill)

-structural features > face2face!

what were the languages at the time of emigration?

-minority dialect, but not of the poor ppl > question of literacy!

-they are much better accommodaters than adults are

-they rationalise the poor, incomplete accommodation of their parents

-"North" (Watt & Milroy 1999)

-"Estuary English" (Przedlacka 2002)

-"Central North" (Mathisen 1999)

(Watt & Milroy 1999)

tendency towards convergence in northern English dialects.

(Przedlacka 2002)

Southeast of England

(Mathisen 1999)

Birmingham + Northwest of England

Supralocalisation of /t/ in Newcastle

(Milroy et al 1994)

-trad. glottal stop + t is dying out

-supralocal feature glottal stop is increasing

-used most in formal styles of young middle class women

-supralocal form that is spreading, spoken by middle class, female speakers

>female + middle class speakers are leading supralocal changes

Cheshire

-looked at TH fronting: widespread but not in Cheshire

-looked at unstressed + stressed (ing): stressed form dominant

-mix of standard + London English

-extreme media hype

-melting pot since WW2: economic strength

-sth going on, but far from focussed

-were done mostly by non-England-scholars

-no huge convergence

-more evidence is needed because of little data

1. it's not new (but perhaps more extensive than ever before, Ellis 1889)

2. it's not complete, it's a process in progress

3. happening why? regional internal contact + mobilities?

4. takes spotlight away from region internal variation + diversity

found beginning of Supralocalisation:

-shifting population

-mobility

>trend/direction can be seen, but not a complete process