MSE Energy

sounds like a power but is an energy

E = P * time

1 kWh = 3600 J

1 toe = 11.63 MWh

energy source = resource for energy production to obtain work or heat

primary source. natural resources that can be directly used without transformation (coal, oil, gas, uranium, biomass, hydropower, sun, wind, geothermal)

secondary source = energy carrier, not available in nature, must be generated from primary source through chemical or physical process, transport of energy (electricity, gasoline, diesel oil, LPG, hydrogen)

renewable = forms of primary energy that are inexhaustible in terms of human time dimensions

solar:

- photosynthesis

- limnic (gravitational, salination, evaporation)

- oceanic: waves, currents, thermal difference, osmotiv

- wind

- direct conversion

geothermal

gravitational

primary energy => conversion / distribution losses, other loesses => secondary energy (gasoline, wood logs, ...) =>consumer losses => useful energy (heat, power, light)

Each step has a certain efficiency

Resources = total amount of primary energy available on planet

Reserves = total amount of exploitable resources

R/P = ratio between reserves remaining at the end of the year and the production of that year

= how long those resources would lasat if production continues at this rate

70/interes = doubling time

e.g. 2% increase each year => doubled energy consumption in 35 years

primary energy consumption is exponential ...

absolute domination by fossil fuels (80%)

increase in reneweables but no big contribution in absolutes

World energy consumption of 556.6 * 10^18 J

38 % for electric energy, 62 % other uses (heating, transportation, industry, ...)

World 556.6 * 10^18 J

CH 1.03 * 10^18 J (0.19%)

but we are below world average in other renewables! (big contribution through hydroelectric and nuclear)

almost 50% are fossil energy

= petroleum

fossil liquid, black highly viscous

= 1/3 of world energy consumption

easy transport

combustion of oil = pollutants and CO2

annual consumption 35.968 billion barrels = (6x Eiffel tower)^2 as volume

Middle east has approx R/P of 90, decreasing

South america: R/P of 150 (Venezuala discovered an oil reserve), steep increase of R/P

proved oil reserves are increasing (new exploitable reserves appear)

Coal: solid fossil fuel formed from plant

used in thermal power plants for electrical production and heat

used locally, few transports; 85% in domestic application

most abundant fossil fuel

most important GHG source, emissions of particles, dust, heavy metals

mixture of gases but main component is methane

transport in pipelines or compressed in ships, but not a lot of export (tricky to transport)

produces large amount of energy

lower pollution by combustion than coal and oil

explosive possible, extraction methods can be harmful for environment (e.g. Fracking)

types: solar, wind, other (biomass, natural gas, ...)

exponential growth but small share in total energy consumption

bio fuels come often from crops, mostly used in both Americas, efficiency?

sources: fossil, nuclear, hydroelectric, renewables

differences between continents (e.g. South America uses more hydro than all other; europe and North america and CIS use a lot of Nuclear; most non renewable sources)

more than 1/3 of global electricity comes from low carbon sources; but for total energy, only about 10 % do

nuclear (Betznau, Leibstatz, Gösgen) 4 reactors in 3 locations; Betznau is the oldest power plant in world

25 % river hydro electric

33 % pump or dam hydro electric

33 % nuclear

rest mostly renewable

generally: more import in winter, export in summer

import from germany, france, austria

export to italy

avoid environmental catastrophe

reduce consumption and waste

increase renewables

guarantee access to energy

re-think infrastructure

science of energy and its transformation

no production possible. only transformation. "production" means to transfer primary source into secondary

system = finite quantity pf matter or defined region of space

characterized by boundary type that surrounds it

given mass, no mass flows across border

chan have energy or heat flows throughout boundary

can change its volume

exchanges energy and mass with external environment

physical space with real and imaginary boundaries through which there are mass flows and energy flows

also called "control volume" => mass can change but space stays (but boundary can also be moving, e.g. open piston system)

special case of closed system

no mass flow and NO energy flow

e.g. universe (closed system since there is nothing outside of universe)

open or closed: where do you define boundary?

depends on application, e.g. you can include a volume where exhaust air can be included so it can be a closed system

both open and closed systems can be adiabatic

adiabatic = no heat flow with environment = system is in thermodynamic equilibrium with surroundings

closed adiabatic system can exchange work with surroundings

open adiabatic system can exchange work with surroundings and energy by mass flow

= state of system

Temperature, pressure, volume, number of Mol, mass, density, energy, enthalpy, entropy = thermodynamic properties

Number of molecules in 1 Mol

6.022 * 10^23

extensive (depend on quantity of matter), e..g mass, volume

intensive (do not depend on quantity of matter), temperature, pressure, density, concentration

=> divide your system by 2 => which parameters change?

a thermodynamic state is a condition of a system at a given instant of time, described and measured by properties

characterized by e.g. T, p, V, m, n

passage from one state to another

=> properties of system change, e.g. volume, temperature, ...

two intensive and independent thermodynamic properties are needed

p V = n R T    => not intensive

p = rho R T

=> rho and T are intensive and independent, if you change T => p will change accordingly but rho not necessarily

pressure vs specific volume

adiabatic is more steep than isothermal because with adiabatic you expect a temperature rise

cycle = ensemble of thermodynamic processes that starts and ends at the same state

= closed path of processes that follow a specific direciton

e.g. to transform thermal energy into mechanic energy

clockwise: produce work (motor)

counter clock wise: absorb work (refridgerator)