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Kartei Details
| Karten | 16 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | English |
| Kategorie | Psychologie |
| Stufe | Universität |
| Erstellt / Aktualisiert | 02.02.2022 / 03.02.2022 |
| Weblink |
https://card2brain.ch/box/20220202_04p_b_chapter_05
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| Einbinden |
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Social Preferences
- What are "Social Preferences"?
This is in part because people consider the wellbeing of others in their decision making
–> People have social preferences (also called otherregarding preferences)
Social Preferences
- Altruism: What is "Altruism"?
It is an important element of human behavior in society and economics
-> e.g. Volunteering, charities and donation behavior
Social Preferences
- Fairness: What is meant by "Fairness" in this context?
Fairness is a fundamental cornerstone of political und moral attitudes and thinking styles
Social Preferences
- Fairness: What is meant by the "Moral Foundations Theory"?
One important theory in moral and political psychology, which postulates six basic foundations:
- Care/Harm
- Fairness/Cheating
- Loyalty/Betrayal
- Liberty/Oppression
- Authority/Subversion
- Sanctity/Degradation
Understanding them helps in understanding political and moral discussions and arguments
Social Preferences
- Why should psychologists concern themselves with altruism, fairness, trust, and reciprocity?
Fairness plays an important role in the workplace; high fairness expectations
-> Lack of fairness leads to negative reactions from employees
Trust and reciprocity
are the basis of the contract between the employee and the organization;
In addition to the work contract there is a psychological contract that includes implicit expectations from both parties; the trust that both parties adhere to this implicit contract
is the basis of work contracts
Social Preferences
- Altruism: What can be the benefit of altruism/selflessness?
Altruistic behavior has usually no immediate benefit but may bring a benefit long-term for the person that is bigger than the initial cost
Social Preferences
- Altruism: What role can the "Rational model in Economics" plays in altruism?
Altruism from an economics viewpoint: A person may also derive utility from the wellbeing of others; fostering their wellbeing may thus also be rational (rational behavior / utility maximizing)
-> e.g. tax reduction
Social Preferences
- Altruism: What are reasons for altruism?
- Moral/social norms:
Based on the duties and expectations in a society
- Rationality:
Good for the common welfare; secures social peace; resources bring sometimes other people greater benefit than oneself
- Self-actualization:
Frequent motivation for voluntary work and donations
- Sympathy/Affection:
Altruism with reference to certain purposes / groups of people, i.e. philanthropy
Reason for altruistic behavior is not always clear-cut, i.e. it can be a mix of different reasons
Social Preferences
- Altruism: What is criticized about the example Bill & Melinda Gates foundation with regards to altruism?
- Exertion of political influence
- promotion of programs that are scientifically not robust
- unethical investments
- donations for the purpose of tax optimization, etc.
Social Preferences
- Fairness: What are the 3 distinctions of fairness (due to inequality people)?
People have a ...
- Need for fairness
- inequality aversion
- distributive justice -> people strive for a fair distribution of goods
- procedural justice -> people strive for a fair processes that lead to fair decisions
- social justice -> people strive for a justice with respect to distribution of wealth,
opportunities, and privileges
Social Preferences
- Trust and Reciprocity: Why is trust important?
Trust enables us to participate in economic exchange and thus act in a business context
Social Preferences
- Trust and Reciprocity: What are the advantages of trust?
Trust between contract parties reduces transactional costs, simplifies cooperation and thereby creates a competitive advantage
Social Preferences
- Trust and Reciprocity: When is trust particularly important?
Information asymmetry frequently exists between vendor and consumer, i.e. an imbalance of knowledge about the subject matter of the contract
Social Preferences
- Trust and Reciprocity: For what kind of goods is trust (due to information asymmetry) especially important?
Especially for credence goods, i.e. extremely information-intensive products where the consumer cannot evaluate the quality
Credence goods are e.g. credit cards, medicines, car producer
Social Preferences
- Trust and Reciprocity: What is reciprocity?
When someone gives you something or does you a favor, you are more likely to do what they ask.
- Mutuality principle; a basic principle of human action
- Is deeply rooted within our behavior; we rely on compliance of this principle
- often use in marketing: Little presents make customers feel as if they owe the company something -> Increases the likelihood that customer buys something
Social Preferences
- Trust and Reciprocity: What are the 6 ways to influence people according to Cialdini?
- Reciprocity:
When someone gives you something or does you a favor, you are more likely to do what they ask.
- Consistency:
People who get you to agree to a small favor can get you to do a related big one because you feel you must remain consistent.
- Social proof:
Those around you like to influence you, particularly when you are unsure.
- Liking:
You are more likely to do something if someone you care about asks you.
- Authority:
Those with expertise or power – e.g., doctors, police – or with the trappings of power – e.g. uniforms – wield more influence.
- Scarcity:
Rare items or opportunities seem more desirable.
