Information Management
IM 2020
IM 2020
Kartei Details
| Karten | 72 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | English |
| Kategorie | Technik |
| Stufe | Universität |
| Erstellt / Aktualisiert | 30.05.2020 / 19.06.2024 |
| Weblink |
https://card2brain.ch/box/20200530_information_management
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| Einbinden |
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what is AI?
Artificial Intelligence:
New forms of Interaction with computers, more than just screen,keyboard and mouse
Facts & Rules --> symbolic reasoning, machine learning
Name some traits of Robotics
Give short discription of AR and VR
Robotics
- Improvement of hardware components, regulation, control technology
- interdisciplinary scientific disipline
- Human-Robot Interaction and Collaboration
Augmented Reality: projecting digital things in our field of vision
Virtual Reality: allows complete immersion into a virtual worl
Whats the difference between Digitization, Digitalization, Digital Transformation (examples?)
What are four key elements of Digitalization
Digitization: Transformation from Analog to Digital
Digitalization: Process of moving into digital business:
- Big Data/Digital Information
- Connectivity/Mobility
- Cloud Computing/Networks
- Internet of Things/Automation
Digital Transformation: broader understanding coming together -->greater impact on business and society (AR/VR, Block chain technologies, AI, Disruptive Developments, Internet of Things)
Name the three Questions every company should ask about Digitalization?
1. What do I offer? (Digitalization can take place at product/service level)
2. How is my offer created? (Internal Process become more efficient through digital Transformation)
3. How do I earn money? (Via alternative models in the future: Subscription, Freemium, Licensing etc.)
What are the key components of Information?
According to what five criterias do we rate Information Quality?
Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom
- Relevance
- Accuracy
- Timeliness
- Usability
- Completeness
Give a definition of a system
Into what compartments are Infromation systems subdivided into? Solution in picture
- a group of components inside a boundary that work together to accomplish a purpose
- Software, Procedures, Hardware, People, Data
What are the main five tasks of Information Systems?
1. Entering
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Sending
5. Using
What is the significance of database management for organisations and how should data be organised?
- Organisations create/use data in:
business processes, application softwares, exchange with other organizations
- Data have to be:
stored reliably, retrieved and access easily
What happens if you do not care about organsing data?
- Insufficients data organisation leads to:
Redundancies (duplicated, triplicated)
inconsistencies (contradictory, missing due to redundant data)
Miscalculations (data captured incorrectly)
Extra work (time consuming troubleshooting)
--> costs, wrong assumptions, faulty external representation
Explain the levels of an Organisation
Senior Management (Strategic level): C-Level
Middle Management (Control level): Heads of primary, secondary areas
Employees (Operative level): Value chain (production, marketing etc.)
Name the types of Business Data with examples of an Operative information System
Rarely edited:
- Modification Data (Modification of Addresses, adjustment of products etc.)
- Master Data (Article nr., customer data, product data, parts list etc)
Periodically edited:
- Stock Data (Stock volume etc.)
- Transaction Data (Bookings, Orders, Payments etc)
Name the two forms of Organising Data
- Organising data in files: usage mainly by application software, stored individually in seperate files via file system
- Organising data in database systems: usage mainly by ERP systems, stored in logical structures by database management systems
What are the disadvantages of Storing Data in Files?
What are Advantages of Storing Data in Database?
Disadvantages files:
- Application Dependency: files only editable with specific applications (excel, word etc)
- High preparation effort for analysis: merging and evaluating very time consuming
- Redundancy leads to inconsistencies and high maintenance effort
Advantages Database:
- Data independence: processable with any application
- Flexible data anylsis: through logical data model
- No redundancies
What is the BAsic Structure of a Database?
Consists of one or more Databases...:
- several linked files
- collection of content-related data
...and a database management system DBMS:
- software for building, checking, changing, retrieving
- interface for use of data by application software
Name the four main requirements for DBMS from user point of view and link with the 9 key requirements for DBMS in general
- User groups have access rights to different data: Multi-user access, Data Protection, Data Integrity (consistency)
- Data can be analysed and linkes acc. to characteristics: Data Independence, Multi-user access, Usability, Flexibility, Efficiency, non-redundancy
- Queries on database provide answers quickly: Usability, Efficiency
- Data available at any time without errors: Data security, Data Integrity, Non-redundancy
Explain the three tiers building up a DBMS
External View: Users, Applications
Conceptual View: Logical Data Organsiation (Entity, Relation, Attribute)
Internal View: Physical Data Organisation (Data Storage)
Name the procedure for designing and implementing Data Models
Real world problem --> Conceptual data Model (ER) --> Logical database model (Attributes, Tables,) --> Normalisation (check dependencies in data) --> Internal Database Model (DDL, SQL)
Name the Process for creating Conceptual Data Model (ER)
1. Capture and decription of objects in Table: Entity type (articles), Entity (machine Z002), Attributes (DeLuxe))
2. Capture and description of relations (e.g. CUSTOMERS make ORDERS
--> Describe Relationship Cardinalities (1:1, 1:n, n:m)
3. Description of Entity types (rectangle), Relationship (rhombus), Attributes (oval)
-->link together with line and set Cardinalities (1 or n)
What are the Advantages of an ER Model
- helps visualise the data structures
- independent from database system used later on
- refined step-by-step
Describe the Hierarchy of Hardware Memory
Off-line Storage: Very Slow, Potentially huge memory (PBs), least expensive
Hard disk: Slow, Very large memory (2 TB), very inexpensive
RAM: Fast, large memory (8 GB), Inexpensive (0.58$/MB)
Cache: very fast, small memory (12 MB), very expensive (150$/MB)
CPU registered: very fast, very small memory (512 Bytes), very expensive (part of CPU)
Describe the difference between Quantum tunnelling and Quantum Computing
Quantum tunnelling: effect that electrons are becoming so small that they can nolonger be contained by the transmitor and they start freely moving beyond certain threshhold --> limit of human technology, traditional computers stop making sense
Quantum Comupting: (might be the answer to tunneling)
- research still very unadvanced (Qubits can be destroyed through slightest change of temperature or tiny vibration)
- Quantum Computers might be such a huge upgrade that regular computers will no longer matter
- Most famous use of Quantum Computing is roaming IT Security and Simulations
What different Input devices?
Name some examples of Input Sensors in Smartphones
Semi-direct data input: paper documents, plastic cards
Direct-data input: Automatic data input, Manual data input, Accoustic data input
- GPS tracker, Touch, Face-ID Sensor, Barometer (air pressure), light sensor, proximity sensor
What is Computational Character Recognition?
Markers: Barcodes, Matrix codes (QR)
Clear text input: OCR-A/B (text code), Handwriten code
Briefly explain the Goal of Computer Vision
Name the four steps of Computer vision
Computer Vision (Object Recognition): phenomenon makes machines see surroundings through deeper conversion of picture into pixels
1. Image Segmentation (identify similar groups of color)
2. Finding corners
3. Find textures
4. Make a guess (match image with those present in database)
Explain the different types of Output Devices
Indirect Data output
Direct Data output:
- visual: screen display, print, projection
- accoustic: voice reproduction, speech synthesis
Architectural styles of IT:
Explain the Advantages of the Multi-tier Architecture
What is a common layer system used
- Layers are largely independent of each other --> replaceable
- dependency between components od system is minimized
- Reusability, maintainability, portability
Common layers setup: Presentation of user face (layer A), processing (layer B), Data Management (Layer C)
Architectural Styles of IT:
How is the Client-Server Architecture built up?
Client --> request--> Server/Client --> request --> Server
Server --> response -->Server/Client --> response --> Server
Client-Server Application (e.g. Instagram) consists of:
- one or more clients
- a server
- a communication service (network)
Name some Alternatives for Task Distribution in Client-Server Architecture
Decentralized Presentation: Beamer Mouse
Distributed Pocessing: through website (google.com)
Decentralized Processing: lighting bolt on weblink
Distributed Data Management: Dropbox
Architectural Styles of IT:
Explain the Peer-to-Peer Architecture
Individuals devices (peers) communicate with each other
e.g.: skype, BitTorrent, Windows 10
Pure P2P: without central control
Hybrid P2P: with central contol unit
Familiarise yourself with the Publish Subscribe Architecture (Solution in Picture)
Client communicates with other clients through Topic
Explain what Virtualization is and name some advantages
- Process of grouping, sharing resources
Advantages:
- better utilization of IT systems
- Mass storage and server of hardware
- saving of space and energy
- increased reliability
Name three typical Types of Virtualization and give an example for each
- Storage virtualization (partition on hard disk)
- Network virtualization: network resources distributed or combined (VPN +Load Balancing + Failover)
- Application virtualization: Virtual environment containing all files, components (Citrix Receiver)
What are the Benefit Categories of Outsourcing as an IT Strategy?
1. Costs
2. Staff
3. Risk
4. Concentration
5. Finance
6. Technology /Knowhow
Why should we use Cloud Computing (Definition and Advantages)?
Definition: on demand self-service, network-based access, demand-driven, adaptible and elastic, measurable service usage and billing --> complex synchronziation with different devices
-self allocation of service by users
- scalability
- reliability and fault tolerance --> guarantees quality standards permanently
- Optimization and consolidation --> efficiency and economy
- quality assurance and control monitored
Explain the difference between Private, Public and Hybrid Cloud
Private: Providers and users are in same company or organizational unit --> safety and control guaranteed (Corporate Governance)
- Community Cloud (special form): private cloud shared throughout specific industry, several clouds combined to save costs
Public: Providers and users not in same company or unit --> publicly accessible cloud
Hybrid: Services from public and private cloud combined --> use of certain services on external cloud to outsource ( more cost-effective)
Name the three levels of Service Models of Cloud Services
Infrastructure: Server/Storage, Network firewalls/Security, Data center/Building
Plattform: Developer Tools / DB Managment / Analytics, Operating Systems
Software: Hosted applications / Apps
What is the difference Between IaaS, PaaS, Saas?
What Service do they offer?
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (Infrastructure): tests, develops, storage, backup, data analysis
--> no or low investment costs, fast innovation
Platform-as-a-Service (Infrastructure + Platform): analytics, business intelligence
--> reduced programming effort, development without hiring someone new
Software-as-a-Service (Infrastructure + Platform + Software): access to software collections, applications, registration/operation via browser, Payment after use
--> no installation or client software required, location-independent
Name the different types of Software and give their relation to Hardware
Application Software: user-oriented computer programs (MS Word, ERP software, mobile apps)
--> connected to hardwar ehtorugh system software
System Software:
- Operating system: Communciates through hardware system (MS Windows, Mac OSX, Android, iOS)
- Other system Software: development, maintenance of non-application specifc performance (editors, virus scanners, firwalls)
Describe what an Operating System OS does in regards to hardware and application software more deeply
Whats the difference of a Mobile OS?
- Includes all programs required for a computer
Hardware: OS manages the resource of a computer like CPUs, main and external memory, peripheral devices (printers or mice)
Application Software: OS manages user oredr, provides system for managing data
Mobile OS: same tasks, optimizations necessary for smartphones
e.g. strong mobile network connection, touch functionality, energy saving etc.
List the main tasks of an Operating System
Administration of
- resources: processors, storages, devices
- orders
- data: files, access rights, protection measures
