Information Management
IM 2020
IM 2020
Kartei Details
Karten | 72 |
---|---|
Sprache | English |
Kategorie | Technik |
Stufe | Universität |
Erstellt / Aktualisiert | 30.05.2020 / 19.06.2024 |
Weblink |
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Explain what a secondary key?
How can realtionships between relations be established with the primary and secondary key?
- attribute related to primary key of another relation (Foreign key)
Relationship:
- relation can contain any number of secondary keys
- primary and secondary key must have same data type (but not same name)
- if no input required for secondary key attribute, it may also be empty (Null values)
- Secondary Keys belonging to primary key may never be empty
- Explain how to transform the 1:1 Relationship into a Relation
- Explain how to transform the 1:n Relationship into a Relation
- Explain how to transform the n:m Relationship into a Relation
What is Referential Integrity
- Two tables with 1:1 relation: either take the primary key of first table and add it as secondary key in second table or vice versa
- Primary Key in first table gets placed as secondary key in second table (secondary key is always placed in table with the n!)
- the primary keys of both tables (entity types) become secondary keys and form a new relation together.
e.g. Branches (n) sell Items (m) --> new relation: Sales (Branch No, Item No)
--> In new Relation the secondary keys can become combined primary key
Referential Integrity: prevents database changes from causing secondary key values to reference non-existing records (primary key values)
Explain what a recursive Relationship is
Is a Relationship type between same entity type --> entities of same type are related (same rules apply as for different entity types)
e.g.
1:1: persons is married to Persons --> Persons (PNo, Name, Firstname, PartnerNo)
1:n: Employee (1) leads Employees (n) --> Employees (ENo, Name, Firstname, SuperiorNo)
n:m: Products/Parts (n) contains Products/Parts (m) --> New Relation: Components (SuperiorNo, SubNo)
What are the Goals and Use of Normalisation
Designing a database where redundancies can be avoided
Use:
- detect and eliminate redundancies
- transform existing data into relational model
- create stable and flexiblie data structure that needs to be changed as little as possible
- transforms complex relations n:m into hierarchal relations 1:n
What are Normal Forms?
How can we determine the Degree of Normalization?
Normalization takes place step-by-step from one normal form to the next
the higher the normal form (1NF, 2NF etc.), the higher the degree of normalization --> meaning less redundancies
To determine the degree of normalization:
relation must be examined: value of each attribute, dependencies between attributes of each relation
What are the three types of Dependency between the attributes?
Functional Dependency: attribute of A is related to exactly one attribute of B e.g. Persons (PNo, Name, Firstname)
Full Dependency: Attributte B is functionally dependent on all Atrributes in A e.g. Sales (CNo, ANo, Salesdate)
Transitive Dependency: Non-key attribute B is dependent on A and attribute C is functionally dependent on B, But A not functionally dependent on C e.g. Persons (PNo, Name, DepNo, Department)
When is a relation in the 1NF, 2NF, 3NF?
1NF: if in each table only one value is contained and all atrributes are atomic (indivisble)
2NF: if the relation is in first normal form and every non key attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key
3NF: if the relation is in the second normal form and there are no transitive dependencies
How we can use models for Problem Solving?
Explain the meaning of the term Enterprise Modelling
Modifications turn the Descriptive model (ERP): business model (current state)
into..
The Prescriptive model: IT model (traget state)
EM: models digital transformation of an enterprise (Data Model)
-->generates value, promotes business efficiency, agility, durability etc.
Explain on which different views the Architecture of Integrated Information System (ARIS) is built up on
What are the three components embedded in the views
Organization view (WHO) : Org. Structure, HR, Hierarchy,
Data view (WHAT): Entity and Data Models (e.g. ER Model)
Control view (HOW): Connects other views to a time-logical schedule (e.g. Process flow diagrams)
Function view (WHERE): Activities within/across business functions (e.g. hierarchy trees)
Product and Service View (WHAT FOR): P&S portfolio (e.g. Product Models)
1. Requirements specification (standards)
2. Data Processing concept
3. Implementation: technical realization
Explain the tem Process and more specifically the term Business Process
What are the five kinds of Business Process
Process: logical sequence of activities (start and termination event)
Business Process: chain of tasks than contribute value for company--> derieved from corporate strategy
- Order-to-Cash (e.g. amazon order): customer submits order, product delivered
- Quote-to-Order: Supplier receives request for purchase quote (purchase order)
- Procure-to-Pay: need for p&s in company--> p&s delivered and payed
- Application-to-Approval (building permit etc): Application for benefit: benefit approved or denied
- Issue-to-Resolution (IT service): customer raises problem/issue --> issue resolved
What are the Activities and Benefits of Business Process Management BPM?
Activities
- Oversight of Organization Performance --> Manages entire chain of events, activities, decisions
- Improvements (reducing costs, execustion time, error rates
- Tools to design, analyze, execute, monitor business processes
Benefits
- Business-IT alignment: Process Models can be understood by both business and IT people
- Process Improvements: High quality management (cost, time, quality, flexibility), Process automation (workflow, control, efficiency), Business information system integration
What are the five levels of the Capability Maturity Model?
Whats the difference between the higher and lower levels?
1. Initial Ad-Hoc: Enterpreneurial management ( Process known but not documentet)
2. Managed Documentation: Base management (documented process, not modelled)
3. Defined Modelled Process: Process definition (standard processes)
4. Quantitatively Managed: Process measurement (measures with key-figures)
5. Optimizing: Process management, change management (quality feedback and insights from experts)--> very expensive
higher levels: Quality, Productivity
lower levels: risk not meeting customer needs
What is the Purpose of Process Modelling?
Name the two Process Modelling Methods (in which ARIS view are they?)
Purpose:
- Basis for decision making (communicating, analysis)
- Documentation of facts (knowledge, design, automation)
Methods (in control view of ARIS)
- EPC Event-driven Process Chain
- BPMN Business Process Model and Notation
Explain the four symbols/elements of the Event-driven Process Chain
What are the most important Rules when creating an EPC
Event driven Process: Mapes start and end state as well as activity, direct graph of function or tasks
1. Events (e.g. order received): does not consume time or money, passive (hexagones)
2. Task function (e.g. check stock): verb plus object, (rectangles with rounded corners)
3. Operators: connector, identify logical links (circle with < and, > and/or, x or)
4. Control flow: temporal, logical dependencies of events and functions
- at least one start and end event --> events followed by event or connector
- functions and events have exactly one incoming and outgoing edge (except start or end event)
- connectors have either several incoming and one outgoing event, or one incoming and several outgoing event
Explain the symboles, components of the Business Process Model and Notation
What is the difference between EPC and BPMN
BPMN: for business and IT, simple process notation, Representation by Business Process Diagram
1. Flow Objects: events (circles), activities (rectangles), Gateways/operators (diamonds)
2. Connecting objects
3. Participants (pool, swimlanes)
Differences to EPC:
- BPD shows how to convert charts into machine readable process descriptions
- has help of workflow engine
what is AI?
Artificial Intelligence:
New forms of Interaction with computers, more than just screen,keyboard and mouse
Facts & Rules --> symbolic reasoning, machine learning
Name some traits of Robotics
Give short discription of AR and VR
Robotics
- Improvement of hardware components, regulation, control technology
- interdisciplinary scientific disipline
- Human-Robot Interaction and Collaboration
Augmented Reality: projecting digital things in our field of vision
Virtual Reality: allows complete immersion into a virtual worl
Whats the difference between Digitization, Digitalization, Digital Transformation (examples?)
What are four key elements of Digitalization
Digitization: Transformation from Analog to Digital
Digitalization: Process of moving into digital business:
- Big Data/Digital Information
- Connectivity/Mobility
- Cloud Computing/Networks
- Internet of Things/Automation
Digital Transformation: broader understanding coming together -->greater impact on business and society (AR/VR, Block chain technologies, AI, Disruptive Developments, Internet of Things)
Name the three Questions every company should ask about Digitalization?
1. What do I offer? (Digitalization can take place at product/service level)
2. How is my offer created? (Internal Process become more efficient through digital Transformation)
3. How do I earn money? (Via alternative models in the future: Subscription, Freemium, Licensing etc.)
What are the key components of Information?
According to what five criterias do we rate Information Quality?
Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom
- Relevance
- Accuracy
- Timeliness
- Usability
- Completeness
Give a definition of a system
Into what compartments are Infromation systems subdivided into? Solution in picture
What are the main five tasks of Information Systems?
1. Entering
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Sending
5. Using
What is the significance of database management for organisations and how should data be organised?
- Organisations create/use data in:
business processes, application softwares, exchange with other organizations
- Data have to be:
stored reliably, retrieved and access easily
What happens if you do not care about organsing data?
- Insufficients data organisation leads to:
Redundancies (duplicated, triplicated)
inconsistencies (contradictory, missing due to redundant data)
Miscalculations (data captured incorrectly)
Extra work (time consuming troubleshooting)
--> costs, wrong assumptions, faulty external representation
Explain the levels of an Organisation
Senior Management (Strategic level): C-Level
Middle Management (Control level): Heads of primary, secondary areas
Employees (Operative level): Value chain (production, marketing etc.)
Name the types of Business Data with examples of an Operative information System
Rarely edited:
- Modification Data (Modification of Addresses, adjustment of products etc.)
- Master Data (Article nr., customer data, product data, parts list etc)
Periodically edited:
- Stock Data (Stock volume etc.)
- Transaction Data (Bookings, Orders, Payments etc)
Name the two forms of Organising Data
- Organising data in files: usage mainly by application software, stored individually in seperate files via file system
- Organising data in database systems: usage mainly by ERP systems, stored in logical structures by database management systems
What are the disadvantages of Storing Data in Files?
What are Advantages of Storing Data in Database?
Disadvantages files:
- Application Dependency: files only editable with specific applications (excel, word etc)
- High preparation effort for analysis: merging and evaluating very time consuming
- Redundancy leads to inconsistencies and high maintenance effort
Advantages Database:
- Data independence: processable with any application
- Flexible data anylsis: through logical data model
- No redundancies
What is the BAsic Structure of a Database?
Consists of one or more Databases...:
- several linked files
- collection of content-related data
...and a database management system DBMS:
- software for building, checking, changing, retrieving
- interface for use of data by application software
Name the four main requirements for DBMS from user point of view and link with the 9 key requirements for DBMS in general
- User groups have access rights to different data: Multi-user access, Data Protection, Data Integrity (consistency)
- Data can be analysed and linkes acc. to characteristics: Data Independence, Multi-user access, Usability, Flexibility, Efficiency, non-redundancy
- Queries on database provide answers quickly: Usability, Efficiency
- Data available at any time without errors: Data security, Data Integrity, Non-redundancy
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