Biologie

thin rods that functions in miscle ameboid movement, cytoplasmic streaming and support of microvili

support cell shape and fix organelles in place

embedded in lipid bilayer

attached to membrane surface

solution outside has higher concentration than the inside

solution outside has a lower concentration, water enters cell

concentrations inside and outside are equal

transport vesicels migrate to plasma membrane fuse with it and release content 

molecules enter cell within vesicel that winds inward from the plasma membrane

whole genetic material of cell

pportionated dna of one dna molecule

complex of dna and associated proteins, existent in different condensation states

two identical dna molecules, which are condensed and coined together for cell division

one set of chromosomes

two set of chromosomes

division of nucleus

division of cytoplasm

two sets of chromosomes, one from vather one from mother

gametes, one single set of chromosomes

sister chromatids gets doubled and seperated inwo tweo new cells with sister chromatids

separates the sister chromatids

=4 cells with haploid chromosomes

two different alleles, expression of dominat allel

identical alleles, are true breeding

heterozygote phenotyp is intermediate between the two homozygotes phenotypes

both phenotypes are expressed in in heterozygotes

some genes have more than two alleles

one gene affects more than one phenotyp character

phenotypic expression of one gene affects the expression of another gene

a single phenotypic character is affected by two or mole genes

cross between heterozygote and homozygote

cros between two heterozygotes

each parent is heterozygotes for two gene

trait mus be zecessive and both parents heterozygotes

is likely domant

all offspring show trait

abnormal chromosome number, nondisjunction during meiosis

one ectra copy of chromosomes

one copy missing

more than two complet sets of chromosomes, nondisjunction during gamete formation

less compact dna accesible for transcription of genes

highly condensed dna histones bind to each other to form nucleosomes

small scale mutation one dna nucleotide pair may lead to nonfunctional proteins

cause missense or nonsense mutations

may produce frameshift mutations

protein that binds to the operon and shuts off transcribtion

repressor binds on dna if corepressor is bind to repressor, which leads to not expression of gene

protein which activated binds to a promoter and leads to gene transkription, which would not start without activator

if an inducer binds to a repressor it deactivates the repressor and turns on transkription

genes in compacted chromatin are not transcribed, histone acetylisation looses structure, dna methylation reduces transcription

dna controll elements and enhancer bind to transcrition factors and activators, coordinate regulations

alternative RNA splicing

can be controlled over initiation factors

each mRNA has a specific life span, determined by 5‘ &3‘ ends

are subject to regulation

embryonic cells become spezialised in structure and function, because they express different genes

the procedure that gives shape to the organism and its various structures

regulate the expression of genes in the zygote that affects the developement of the embryo

signaling molecules from embryo cells cause transcription changes in nearby cells

the developement of of spatial organization tissues and organs begins in eary embryo

the molecules that controll pattern formationtells a cell its location relative to the body axes and to other cells

encoded by maternal effect genes determine the body axes

controll cell division a dna change can make gene extremely active

controll cell division, a mutation reduces activity of protein, may also lead to excessivve cell division

proto oncogene wich is mutated and now overactivating cell division and leads to cancer

base pairing of one strand to the complementary sequenze on a strand from a different dna molecule

can be carried out using the dideoxy chain termination methode or sequenzing by synthesis

produces multiple copies of a gene that can be used for analysis or manipulation 

used to cut dna within short specific sequences, produces sticky ends which can pair wirth other restriction fragments 

fragments of different length can be seperated

can produce many copies of a specific target gene of dna using primers  and dna polymerase 

use single nucleotide polymorphisms as genetic markers for alleles that are associated with particular conditions.

capable of generating all the tissues of a complete new plant

capable of differentiating into many diff cell types 

can reproduce and differentiate, offering potential for medical us

whole genom is cut into small overlapping fragments, which are sequenzed and then rearranged in the computer to get the whole genom

prokariots eukariots 

small         big

small         big

big             smal