1.3 The Skeletal System

The intervertabral disc ar not found in the sacrum and coccyx, where the vertebrae have fused.
Neither are the found between the fist and second vertebrea

• The anulus fibrosus attach the disc to the bodies of adjacent verebrae.
• The annulus surrounds a soft elastic and gelatinous core known as the cucleus pulpsous
• The nucleus pulposus gives the disc resilience and anables it to act as a shock absorber

• The cucleus pulposus gives the disc resilience and enables it to act as a schock absorber.
• Movements of the verebral column compress the nucleus pulposus and displace it.
• This displacement permits smooth muliplanar movements between each verebra, while maintaining the alignment of the verebral column.

1. glenohumeral joint
2. acromioclavicular joint
3. sternoclavicular joint

True

1. Supraspinatus
2. Infraspinatus
3. Teres minor
4. Subscapularis

1. Patellar surface
2. Lateral epicondyle
3. Lateral condyle
4. Medial condyle
5. Medial epicondyle

The femur

1. false or greater pelvis
2. true or lesser pelvis

1. Cervical (7)
2. Thoracic (12)
3. Lumbar (5)
4. Sacral (1)
5. Coccygeal (1)

Kyphosis
May be caused by abnormal growth of the vertebrea, severe contractions in the muscles that insert on the vertebral bodies and osteoporosis or a compression fracture affecting the anterior portions of the verebral body.

Scoliosis
In very severe cases the vertebrae are rotated. The vertebral bodies become wedge-shaped. It is the most common distrortion of spinal curvature and may result from developmental problems, such as incomplete formation of the vertebrae, or from muscle paralysis on one side of the back.

Lordosis
Usually seen in the lumbar region in which the buttocks protrude, ging this curvature the alteranativ name "swaybck"

1. Body or Centrum
2. Vertebral arch
3. Articual process

1. Clavicle
2. Scapula
3. Pectoral gridles

Glenoid fossa

1. Humerus
2. Radius
3. Ulna

1. 8 carpal bones
2. 4 proximal carpal bones
3. 4 distal carpal bones

Because of the stresses involved in weight bearing and locomation, the pelvic girdle (hip) is more massive than the pectoral girdle (shoulder)

1. Sacrum
2. Coccyx
3. Coxa (hip bone)

pelvis at the accetabulum

1. sesamoid bone

1. Medial facet
2. Lateral facet

False:
The fibula does not form part of the knee or transfer weight to the ankle and foot.
It is important site for muscle attachment and its distal tip extends laterally to form the lateral malleolus which gives lateral stability to the ankle

1. distal radioulnar articulation - permits pronation and supination
2. radiocarpal articulation - permits flexion an extension
3. intercarpal articulations - are gliding joints that permit sliding and slight twsiting movemtent

The first carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, is a saddle type joint with the wrist. All the other carpometacarpal articulations are gliding joints
The metacarpophalangeal joints are ellipsoidal and permit flexioin, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction

Inside the capsule, the fibrocartilaginous rim around the acetabulum deepens the socket and a fat pad lies in the acebaular fossa to act as a schock absorber

• The strong articular capsule,
• the bony socket,
• the supporting ligaments and
• muscles surrounding the hip joint
  make it very stable

1. ischiofemoral ligament
2. iliofemoral ligament
3. pubofemoral ligament
4. transverse acetabular ligament

1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Abduction
4. Adduction
5. Medial rotation
6. Lateral rotation
7. Circumduction

1. synovial hinge joint
2. tibiofemoral joints (medial and lateral)
3. patellofemoral joint

• medial- and lateral menisci
• semi-lunar cartilages

Anterior

• prevents forward sliding of the tibia
• hyperextension of the knee
• limits medial rotation of the femur when the foot is on the ground

Posterior

• backward sliding of the tibia

In FlexionFlexion