TTX – 9/10

separation = one runway length

- preceeding departing aircraft has started a turn
- preceeding departing aircraft has crossed the end of runway-in-use
- preceeding landing aircraft is clear of runway-in-use

- preceeding departing aircraft has started a turn
- preceeding departing aircraft has crossed the end of runway-in-use
- preceeding landing aircraft is clear of runway-in-use

Centre of sun's disc is 6 degrees below horizon.

NEVER at OMEGA

- during hours of daylight until 60 minutes after morning civil twilight / 60 minutes before end of civil twilight (ICAO)

- during hours of daylight from 30 minutes after local sunrise to 30 minutes before local sunset (ATMM)

NEVER at OMEGA

- durins hours of daylight
- appropriate wake turbulence minima is applied
- VIS at least 5'000 m and ceiling > 1'000 ft
- tailwind component 5 kts or less
- suitable landmarks to assist ATCO in assessing distance
- minimum separation exists immediately after take-off of 2nd aircraft, AND
- traffic information is issued to suceeding aircraft, AND
- braking action is not adversely affected by RWY contamination

Between departing and preceeding landing aircraft.

Category 1:
single engine propeller, MTOW 2'000 kg and less

Category 2:
single engine propeller, MTOW > 2'000 kg - 7'000 kg

Category 3:
all others

Helicopters excluded

Cat 1 ----- 600 m ------ Cat 1/2

Cat 2 ----- 1'500 m ----- Cat 1/2

Cat 3 ----- 2'400 m ----- Cat 3

Take-off clearance to an aircraft when there is reasonable assurance that applicable separation will exist when aircraft commences take-off.

Issue traffic information.

Not at OMEGA.

- during hours of daylight, AND
- in VMC, AND
- tailwind component not exceeding 5 kts, AND
- traffic information issued to succeeding aircraft, AND
- runway is dry and braking action is good

Runways needs to be so designated in the AIP and/or in local ATMM procedures.

Preceeding landing aircraft is in motion and will leave RWY without backtrack and has passed... /
Preceeding departing aircraft is airborne and has passed...

- Cat 1 ----- 600 m ----- Cat 1/2
- Cat 2 ----- 1'500 m ----- Cat 1/2
- any Cat ----- 2'400 m ----- Cat 3

You may clear an aircraft to land when there is reasonable assurance that the applicable separation will exist when the aircraft crosses the runway threshold.

NEVER however issue a landing clearance until the preceeding aircraft has crossed the runway threshold.

NOT at OMEGA.

- unlawful interference
- wake turbulence
- emergency
- adverse weather

- adequate separation can be provided by the Aerodrome Controller when each aircraft is continuously visible to this controller
- each aircraft is continuously visible to flight crews of the other aircraft concerned and the crews report that they can maintain their own separation
- in the case of one aircraft following another, the flight crew of the succeeding aircraft report that the other aircraft is in sight and separation can be maintained

Laterally, from the rear of the aircraft.

up to 5 NM / 500-900 ft

- at 5 kts sidewards
- at 500 ft / min / 30 seconds downwards
- move with the wind

Induced roll and yaw.

MTOW (maximum take-off weight)

ICAO:
- L (light), 7'000 kg and less
- M (medium), more than 7'000 kg and less than 136'000 kg
- H (heavy), 136'000 kg and more

Switzerland:
- L (light), 7'000 kg or less
- S (small), more than 7000 kg up to 40'000 kg
- M (medium), more than 40'000 kg and less than 136'000 kg
- H (heavy), 136'000 kg and more

(- super: J in FPL, H as wake turbulence, A380)

Arrival behind Arrival only – same runway

Arrival behind arrival on same runway:

- arriving VFR flights landing on same runway as preceeding heavy or medium aircraft
OR
- arriving IFR flights executing visual approach when aircraft has reported preceeding aircraft in sight and has been instructed to follow and maintain own separation from that aircraft.

- parallel runway less than 760 m away
- crossing runway when flight paths will cross
- arrival if it will cross flight path of departure
- departure if it will cross flight path of arrival
- cautionary message issue for at least 2 min following the passage of larger aircraft

"Caution wake turbulence from arriving/departing type of aircraft"

B757 (M – but generates stronger vortices than other similar weight)

- following another aircraft, consider as MEDIUM
- fly ahead of other aircraft, consider as HEAVY

...require a time standard.

...require a CAUTION if flight path will cross or enter a heavier catetory aircraft flight path

Require a CAUTION if flight path will cross or enter a heavier category aircraft flight path and the aircraft can see the traffic to avoid the wake. 

If aircraft is not sighted: ATC must provide an inflight time standard.

If flight path crosses one of a heavier category aircraft, which can not be sighted.

2 minutes:
- L, S, M behind H
- L behind M

3 minutes:
- L, S, M behind A380 (J)
2 minutes:
- H behind A380 (J)