Int. Tourism
Prof. Dr. Klemmer
Prof. Dr. Klemmer
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Lernkarten
What are the the Supply Components of the tourism industry?
- Natural resources
- Bodies of Water
- Landforms
- Flora, Fauna
- Built Environment
- Infrastructure
- Roads, sewage systems, communication network, commercial facilities (stores)
- Superstructure
- accommodation
- restaurants
- recreation/ entertainment facilities
- Infrastructure
- Operating Sectors
- Transportation sector
- Accomodation sector
- Food service
- Attractions and events
- Sociocultural resources
- Lifestyle
- Architecture
- Food
- Folklore, Festivals, arts ans crafts
- Tradition
- Spirit of hospitality
What are demand characteristics of the tourism product?
- Elastic demand (price sensitive)
- Fluctuation in demand (peak-/offseason)
- but supply stays the same consequently industry had to deal with either low occupancy or overcrowding
- to deal with fluctuation:
- Price differential (other clientile)
- try to lengthen the high season
- but supply stays the same consequently industry had to deal with either low occupancy or overcrowding
Which factors influence the effective demand?
- Propensity (predisposition to travel)
- Psychographics
- Demographics
- Economic status
- Resistance (destination attractiveness)
- Geographic distance
- Cultural distance
- Cost and quality of tourist service
- Seasonality
Which tourism statistics can be distinguished?
- Statistics of volume- quantity of tourist flows
- Visitor arrivals, visitor days/nights
- Border Method, Destination Method
- Tourist characteristics - quality of the tourist flows
- Expenditure statistics - flow of money earned in one place and spend in another
What is the GDP, T&T, TSA?
GDP= gross domestic product
T&T= total internal Travel &Tourism spending of tourists
TSA= Tourism Satellite Account (a tool for measuring and monitoring the development of tourism industry and its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product)
Why is a focus on the tourist himself so important for being successful in the tourism industry?
- needs, purchase motives
- dicision process
- effects of various promo tactics
- dealing with perception of risk (overall holiday perception of tourists)
- different market segments: different purchase behavior
What are motives to travel?
- escaping (overstimulation)
- escape the normal
- seeking (too little stimulation)
- curiosity (new cultures, nature)
- social prestige
- religious motives (pilgrimages)
- aducational motives
- Maslow
- self realization
In which groups does Stanley Plog classify tourists?
- Psychocentric (Organized/Individual, mass tourist)
- anxious, self-inhibited, non adventuresome
- Allocentric (Explorer,drifter)
- self-confident, curious, adventurous,outgoing
What is meant with Push-Pull Modell?
- push factors
- Sociopsychological motives (intrinsic)
- Escape, finding yourself, relaxation,prestige
- pull factors
- motivated by external forces of the destination's attributes (extrinsic)
What are methods to divide the tourism market?
- Geographic segmentation
- Demographic segmentation
- Phsychographic segmentation
- Product related
What were the four steps in the evelution of tourism research?
- Advocacy
- Cautionary
- Adaptancy
- Knowledge-based
- (Today) Sustainable paradigm
Explain the Tourist Area Lifecycle (TALC) from Butler.
- a successfull destination developes faster and faster
- until the tourist number reaches the critical range of elements of capacity
- then tourist numbers stagnate
- from here many options from a decline to a rejuvenation are possible (dependent from the right management decisions)
What was assumed by people before the idea of sustainability?
- the natural environment is an unlimited resource
- capable of withstanding endless human consumption
- and pullution
What is a sustainable development?
Development that meet the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
equitable
holistic
long-term approach
Name some sustainable goals.
Improve quality of life
Eradicate extreme poverty
Ensure environmental sustainability
gender equality
Reduce childs mortality
Combat HIV and other deseases
Achieve universal primary education
What are the four dimensions of quality of life?
Economic
Sociocultural
Environmental
Institutional(trust in politics, accesability of goverment services, stakeholder involvement)
Name some economic positive and negative effects of tourism?
Economic
+Increased foreign investment
+economic growth
+value of real estate
+employment
+infrastructure
-price increases
-outside labor
-seasonality
-just superstructure investment
income gap
Name some environmental positive and negative effects of tourism?
+preservation of natural and built heritage
-destruction of ecosystems
-architectual pollution
-pollution
-overcrowding
Name some environmental positive and negative effects of tourism?
+preservation of natural and built heritage
-destruction of ecosystems
-architectual pollution
-pollution
-overcrowding
Name some socio/cultural Impacts positive and negative effects of tourism?
+new ideas
+cultural exchange
+quality of life
+strengthen traditions
-modification/exploitation of culture
-loss of authentic character
-crime, prostitution, gambling
-decline of hospitality spirit
How can guests strengthen sustainable development?
Respect host communities
purchase local products
reduce personal environmental impact
What is tourism policy?
Tourism policy creates a framework within tourism can developed.
Framework is made of regulations, rules, guidelines, objectives, strategies.
Policies that affect tourism?
- Environmental policy
- Cultural policy
- Welfare policy
- Customs and Immigration policy
- Foreign investment regulations
- Taxation
- Infrastructure Policy
- Bilateral air agreements
- Currency
What role Tourism Organisations play?
They mediate between goverment, business, host communitys.
Provide industry with with information(conferences, research)
Identify challenges facing the global tourism industry
Evaluate alternative courses of development to facilitate the growth of tourism
What kind of tourism took place in the empire era?
Egyptians
Pyramids as early as 2700 B.C.
Transact goverment business
Trade and Shipping on the Nile
Religious festivals-Pilgrimages
Greece
356 BC
Traveling to to religious centres: Delphi Olympia
Spas and health tourists
Contributed by language and currency
Alexander the great
Alexandria and area of todayTurkey international Destination (Europe, Arabia, India commerce center)
Rome 44bc 478 ac
Excellent infrastructure Roads with inns, currency, language
Spas, Gladiators, summerresidence, Jerusalem/Bethlehem
What kind of tourism took place in the Middle ages?
Decline of tourism (Law and order)
Travel for trade, pilgrimages,war
Strolling players and minstrels
What kind of tourism took place in the Renaissance?
1300-1600
rise of individual
scientific inquiry
educational travel
safety returned
rise of middle class
Which big changes took place in tourism industry after ww2?
- greater dispable incomes
- paid holidays
- higher education leeds to curiosity
- bisuness travel
- Boeing 707/1957
- tour oparators starting integrated activities
What is Doxeys Irridex model?
Euphoria
Apathy
Annoyance
Antagonism
What are the the five components of the tourism industry?
- the Tourist
- transportation
- attractions
- service facilities
- information-direction
Define Visitor
A visitor is a traveller
outside his/her usual environment
less then a year
for any main purpose other than earning money from the visitted region
What are the geographic forms of tourism?
- International
- Inbound+Outbound
- National
- Travelbehavior of Germans
- Domestic
- travelling of Germans in Germany
- Internal
- travel within Germany
Name some characteristics of the tourism industry.
economic, socio cultural, environmental inputs
mainly private-sector industry with a heterogeneous structure
growing
Name the five interrelated elements of the tourism system.
1. The tourist
2. Generating area: place
of origin
of tourists
3. Receiving area:
tourist
destination
region
4. Transit route:
route travelled
between these
two locations
5. Tourist industries
Who are the main stakeholders in tourism?
- Visitors
- Residents
- Goverments
- Industry
- DMOS
Examples of actions of the different levels of tourism planning.
- International
- regional policies and standards
- cooperation between sectors in different countrys
- National
- structure planning
- major tourism attractions
- national standards
- marketing
- Regional
- infrastructure planning
- acces to transportation network
What do you know about the beginnings of travel?
4000 B.C. Sumerians (mesopotamia)
farmers traded grains
taverns with beers
2000 B.C.
people in middle east traded exotic goods
were catered in carvanserai with food and shelter
