Human Performance T2B
T 2 B
T 2 B
4 conflict types:
1. Intra-personal: Mit mir selber
2. Inter-personal: Mit einer anderern Person
3. Intra-group: Innerhalb der Gruppe
4. Inter-group: Gruppe gegen Gruppe
Destructive conflicts have negative safety implications
Crew work is impaired, which may reveal critical in the vent of an emergency
In case of in-flight stress
The relationship between arousal (Load) and flying performance is
Stress is above all
Johari Fenster => 4 Bereiche
zeil?
1. Mir bekannt/ euch bekannt = öffentlicher Bereich
2. Mir nicht bekannt/ euch bekannt = Blinder Fleck
3. Mir bekannt / euch nicht = Privat
4. beidnen nicht bekannt
=> Ziel: öffentlicher Bereich vergrössen => Privater und Blinder Fleck verkleinern
Karakter ?
1. type
2. traits => 1 und 2 nicht änderbar
3. attitude (Verhalten) => änderbar
Unterschied Gruppe Team
Gruppe: Ziel => zeitlich limitiert => united by common objective, who interact to perform a task or achieve common goals
Team: Jeder hat verschiedene Rollen => more role differntiations => Kann die Rolle des Andern nicht übernehmen => Cockpit
Positive synergy
1+1 >2 => the group performance is higher than the sum total of the individual
negative synergy
1+1 < 2 the group performance is lower than sum of the individual
Condition for good teamwork
- Clear role allocation
- balanced leadership
- clear operating rocedure
- teh captain sets the tone for the mission
Leadership and followership ?
Leadership: teh ability to inspire confidence (motivieren) and support among the people who are needed to achieve organisational goals
Followership: the ability to be a good team player and to effectively help recognised leader
==> Any group needs a leader to make decision and good followers
Wie kann ein Leader orientiert sein und wie heisst das Modell?
Blake and Mouton: a leadership grid with 5 main styles developed for managers who deal with wultiple subordinates
a) Production => Goal ==> Concern for production
b) people orientiert ==> Concern for people
1. Laissez fair
2. autocratic (a)
3. Country club ( b)
4. Democratic (a und b => Fleigerei)
Autocratic
Captain will nichts von dem co-pilot wissen => macht alles alleine
laissez fair
Captain ist alles egal => macht nichts => co-pilot kann machen was er will
self-centered
entsteht nicht durch Charakters, sondern durch einen Konflikt => Differenzen
Synergetic cockpit
idealfall ==> an open valve => the valve remains open when crew members show a positive attitude
teh 4 main leadership styles
1. Autocratic
2. Laissez faire
3. Self-centred
4. Synergetic
The synerhistic cockpit: the ideal?
a) the captain makes the decision but with the help and active participation of other crew members
b) the plan of action is defined by the complete group
c) there are large columes of communications in all directions
3 types of crew colaboration:
1. Redunancy: same action performedby both crewmembers at teh same time => Beide machen das Selbe
2. Co-action: participants work side-by-side on the same site and share actions (Cockpit crew and cabin crew)
=> beide Gruppen haben das Selbe Ziel, arbeiten jedoch an verschiedenen Fronten
3. Cooperation: most Captains and FO's
Was sagt das Shell Modell aus ?
The liveware (YOU) is the hub, other components should be adapted ==> Risks concentrate at the interferences
1. Software: procedures, manuals, check, warning systems
2. Hardware: machine tools, ground equipment, altimeter
3. Environment; Noise, lightning, temperature, meteo
4. Liveware: colleagues, managers, ATC
Was sagt das Swiss Cheese Modell aus?
Analyse of weakness of the organization structure => the openings in the cheese slices momentarily align, creating an open trajectory for the accident opportunity ==> dynamisch
Was kannst du über die Saftey Safety Culture sagen?
Production and safety arbeiten gegeneinander => A few components of the production/safety comprise
Wie viel beträgt der menschliche Faktor bei den Unfällen?
70-80%
Durch was wurde die Zahl der Unfälle in Aviiation reduziert? Grösste Unfallursache?
DurchEinsatz von GPWS (Ground awareness Warning system) => Grösste Unfallursache: lack of good judgement (falsche Einschätzung)
CRM?
Crew Resource Management
SRK Modell und der Erfinder?
Jens Rasmussen => Skill Rule knowledge Model => Wechsel in den nächsten Modus, wenn der einte nicht mehr ausreicht!
SRK: knwoledge based?
Declarative Wissensform => Theoretische Wissen (know what) => is used if a known rule is unsuitable for the problem posed => Passenger suffering a heart attack and you must divert
SRK: Rule Based
Regelbasiert => Schon mal gemacht= Aufbau von prozessualem Wissen => Is used if an automated behaviour will no longer lead to the intended outcome
Example: the choice of the moment selecting flaps
Errors: application of a poor rule, poor application of a good rule
SRK: Skill based?
Automatismus=> Prozessuale Wissensform (Know how) => Following a VFR procedure without new problems, flying coordinated turn, the choice of the moment selecting flaps, riding a bicycle
Motor programs: stored routinesm executed without conscious control
Errors: routine errors, action slip, environmental capture
SRK: wie wird das Skill based Wissen auch noch genannt ?
Motor Programm
Norman and Bobrow sagen?
Performance drops when resources are shared between two tasks requiring focused attention
Wickens sagt?
(theory of multiple resources): There are several pools of resources ==>
1. to acquire information
2. to process it
3. to perform it
==> Performance is better when the different tasks make use of different resources
salience heisst?
Fähigkeit, wahrgenommen zu werden
Generisches Modell der Infomrationsverarbeitung: Grundprinzip
75% der Wahrnehmung= iconic sture durch das Auge => 0,5 s dann wird es gelöscht 12% über das Ohr => echoic sture => 1-2 s dann wird es gelöscht
Generisches Modell der Infomrationsverarbeitung: Sensory stimulation = sensorisches Register
5 Sinnesorgane => 1st stage in information process; the intense of the stimuli is the basic of all perceptions; min. stimulation strength for the receptors to pick up is the sensory threshold, ==> Rising the perceptual threshold means a lesser sensitivity
Generisches Modell der Informationsverarbeitung: Wahrnehmung => 2 Typen
Bottom up processing: was tatsächlich da ist (Aufmerksamkeitsressourcen zur Wahrnehmung)
Top down processing: Falsche Warnehmung => Langzeitgedächntnis sagt es so => The Gestalt low (auch wenn es nicht so ist ) ==> based upon informatin received as well as past experience and knowledge
Generisches Modell der Informationsverarbeitung: perception ?
Wahrnehmung => is extremely resistant to correction; Incorrect perception can be highly persuasive;
Generisches Modell der Informationsverarbeitung: Arbeitsgedächtnis => andere Namen
Short term Memory or working memory
Generisches Modell der Informationsverarbeitung: Arbeitsgedächtnis
Holds information for the immediate use => 7 items +/. are store ca. 20 seconds => enables use to remember a clearance long enough to write it down => Sensitive to interruptions and interference ===>can be improved by chunking information and Mnemonics
-
- 1 / 137
-
Flashcards
Was sagt das Shell Modell aus ?
The liveware (YOU) is the hub, other components should be adapted ==> Risks concentrate at the interferences
1. Software: procedures, manuals, check, warning systems
2. Hardware: machine tools, ground equipment, altimeter
3. Environment; Noise, lightning, temperature, meteo
4. Liveware: colleagues, managers, ATC
Was sagt das Swiss Cheese Modell aus?
Analyse of weakness of the organization structure => the openings in the cheese slices momentarily align, creating an open trajectory for the accident opportunity ==> dynamisch
Was kannst du über die Saftey Safety Culture sagen?
Production and safety arbeiten gegeneinander => A few components of the production/safety comprise
Wie viel beträgt der menschliche Faktor bei den Unfällen?
70-80%
Durch was wurde die Zahl der Unfälle in Aviiation reduziert? Grösste Unfallursache?
DurchEinsatz von GPWS (Ground awareness Warning system) => Grösste Unfallursache: lack of good judgement (falsche Einschätzung)
CRM?
Crew Resource Management
SRK Modell und der Erfinder?
Jens Rasmussen => Skill Rule knowledge Model => Wechsel in den nächsten Modus, wenn der einte nicht mehr ausreicht!
SRK: knwoledge based?
Declarative Wissensform => Theoretische Wissen (know what) => is used if a known rule is unsuitable for the problem posed => Passenger suffering a heart attack and you must divert
SRK: Rule Based
Regelbasiert => Schon mal gemacht= Aufbau von prozessualem Wissen => Is used if an automated behaviour will no longer lead to the intended outcome
Example: the choice of the moment selecting flaps
Errors: application of a poor rule, poor application of a good rule
SRK: Skill based?
Automatismus=> Prozessuale Wissensform (Know how) => Following a VFR procedure without new problems, flying coordinated turn, the choice of the moment selecting flaps, riding a bicycle
Motor programs: stored routinesm executed without conscious control
Errors: routine errors, action slip, environmental capture
SRK: wie wird das Skill based Wissen auch noch genannt ?
Motor Programm
Norman and Bobrow sagen?
Performance drops when resources are shared between two tasks requiring focused attention
Wickens sagt?
(theory of multiple resources): There are several pools of resources ==>
1. to acquire information
2. to process it
3. to perform it
==> Performance is better when the different tasks make use of different resources
salience heisst?
Fähigkeit, wahrgenommen zu werden
Generisches Modell der Infomrationsverarbeitung: Grundprinzip
75% der Wahrnehmung= iconic sture durch das Auge => 0,5 s dann wird es gelöscht 12% über das Ohr => echoic sture => 1-2 s dann wird es gelöscht
Generisches Modell der Infomrationsverarbeitung: Sensory stimulation = sensorisches Register
5 Sinnesorgane => 1st stage in information process; the intense of the stimuli is the basic of all perceptions; min. stimulation strength for the receptors to pick up is the sensory threshold, ==> Rising the perceptual threshold means a lesser sensitivity
Generisches Modell der Informationsverarbeitung: Wahrnehmung => 2 Typen
Bottom up processing: was tatsächlich da ist (Aufmerksamkeitsressourcen zur Wahrnehmung)
Top down processing: Falsche Warnehmung => Langzeitgedächntnis sagt es so => The Gestalt low (auch wenn es nicht so ist ) ==> based upon informatin received as well as past experience and knowledge
Generisches Modell der Informationsverarbeitung: perception ?
Wahrnehmung => is extremely resistant to correction; Incorrect perception can be highly persuasive;
Generisches Modell der Informationsverarbeitung: Arbeitsgedächtnis => andere Namen
Short term Memory or working memory
Generisches Modell der Informationsverarbeitung: Arbeitsgedächtnis
Holds information for the immediate use => 7 items +/. are store ca. 20 seconds => enables use to remember a clearance long enough to write it down => Sensitive to interruptions and interference ===>can be improved by chunking information and Mnemonics
Generisches Modell der Informationsverarbeitung: Arbeitsgedächtnis =>> chunking + Mnemonics
chunking: etwas ist immer Gleich, was ich auswendig lerne z.B. 079 für swisscom
Mnemonics: I'MSAFE = Jeder Buchstabe steht für etwas
Generisches Modell der Informationsverarbeitung: Langzeitgedächtnis => Episodic and Semantic Memory
is unlimited; Pre-activation of necessary knowledge reduces the access time; info is stored in form of descriptive (Anschaulich) + rule based; influence by experience, not used regularly, it is difficult to retrieve; Episodic and Semantic Memory
Generisches Modell der Informationsverarbeitung: Langzeitgedächtnis => Episodic and Semantic Memory
Episodic: Memory of experienced events (can be influenced by suggestion)
Semantic Memory: the manning of words, general knowledge, more accurate (genau) than episodic memory
3 Untergruppen des Langzeitgedächtnis
1. episodisches Gedächtnis: 1st Alleinflug, Flitterwochen
2. semanisches Gedächtnis: Das Wissen wurde angelernt
3. prozeduraled Gedächtnis: Procedure => verlerne ich nie z.B. Velofahren
Langzeitgedächtnis: unlimitiert => zum Gelerntes wiederzuholen => wiederholen (Breafing)
Bottom up ?
von aussen (von den Aufmerksamkeitsressourcen)
Top down
Aus dem Langzeitgedächtnis
Aufmerksamkeit ist was ? was beeinflisst die AUfmerksamkeit ?
fix => vererbte Fähigkeiten => Werden durch zugewiesene Ressourcen beeinflusst (z.B. Müdigkeit etc.)
Off-Task
Etwas neben der Hauptaufgabe tun
Vigilance ?
Grad der Wachsamkeit
Aufmerksamkeit anders erklärt?
a) Motivation increase attention, excessive motivation combined with ecessive stresss will limit attention
b) Capacity of concentration is limited
c) it is impossible to perform two attentional
d) Attention is guided by the level of automation of the behaviour
e) Vigilance (Grad der Wachsamkeit) is simply defined as sustained attention
Divided attention:
a) ability to execute several mental activities at almost the same time (switching from one to one => Instruments)
b) Alternative management of several matters of interest
c) Fatigue reduces the ability to manage multiple matters
d) to monitore the progess of a motor program while making a radio call
motor programm?
flying, taxi
cocktail party effect
selective attention => etwas hören wenn man nicht genau zuhört z.B. callsign
a) cocktail party effect (to pick up information unintetionally
b) is required due to the limited capacity of the central decision maker and the working memory
Motivation is :
a) Increase alertness and attention
b) Excessive motivation leads to stress
c) HIgh level of motivation is related to high level of arousal (erregen)
d) The needs of an individual lead to a change in the individuals motivations and consenquenrly to an adaptation of teh behaviour
e) Sources of motivation: money, sucess, etc
Individuals motivations
Motivation von innen
extringische Motivation
Motivation von aussen
Dealing with limited resources: 5 strategies
1. using aotmated behaviours, skills and routine
2. Managing attention and regulating workload ==> Nach einem Schema vorgehen
3. Anticipating situation => Planen, Briefing
4. Using a simplified representation of teh world => action plan
5. Metaknowlede => wiss was ich kann
Was sagt Hollnagel
Different modes of control
1. Scrambled( überfordert)
2. Opportunistic => Eigeninteresse => EInfach wegrennen und sich in Sicherheit bringen
3. Tactical => Wie ? => Co-Pilot
4. STrategic => Was? => Captain
cognitive compromise ?
Between check everything and thrust everything
1. check everything: errors due to workload and fatigue
2. thrust everything: errors due to misunderstanding => out of the loop
Learning?
Learining is the modification of the capacity of an individual to perform a task though interactions with the environment.
