DEH 103: Histology & Embryology
Chapter 2: Structure and Function of Cells, Tissues, and Organs
Chapter 2: Structure and Function of Cells, Tissues, and Organs
Kartei Details
| Karten | 44 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | English |
| Kategorie | Medizin |
| Stufe | Universität |
| Erstellt / Aktualisiert | 01.01.2014 / 01.01.2014 |
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue and what are characteristics of each?
- Smooth (involuntary) muscles
- Skeletal (striated/voluntary) muscles
- Cardiac (involuntary/striated) muscel
- Characteristics of all three:
- Covered with epimysium
- Fibers are covered by perimysium
- Each muscle fiber is covered with an endomysium
- Each muscle type contains actin and myosin 2 proteins which change chemical to mechanical energy by clevage of ATP which enable muscle contractions
- Each type have a full complement of cells during development, only growth is increasing the volume of myoctes (muscle cells)
What are the 12 organ systems?
- Skin system
- Neural system
- Skeletal system
- Digestive system
- Respiratory system
- Vascular system
- Lymphatic system
- Muscular system
- Endocrine system
- Urinary system
- Reproductive system
- Speical senses
This is the largest organ. It excretes waste products (CO2, water, salt & urea). Eliminates heat. Protection against foreign invasion. Nerves recieve stimuli. Consists of (epidermis and dermis)
Skin system
What are the 2 divisions of nervous system?
- Central nervous system (CNS)
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
What are the 2 types of system functions of the nervous system?
- Afferent (sensory) system: nerves that convey information from muscles and glands to the CNS
- Efferent (motor) system: nerves that convey information from the CNS to the muscles and glands.
Tis is the system that carries impulses to voluntary muscles; such as skeletal muscles, lips, and tongue.
Somatic system
This carries impulses to involuntary muscles; such as heart, blood vessels, intestine. What are the 2 further divisions of this system?
- Autonomic system
- Sympathetic: caries increased activity
- Parasympathetic: modifies or decreases activity
The _____ system absorbs, transforms, and extracts components of food and excree unused waste. CO2, H2O, and heat are also lost. It consists of what 4 organs?
- Digestive system
- Oral cavity (salivary digestion)
- Pharynx, esophagus, and stomach (acids and liquidation)
- Small intestine (glandular excretions further digestion)
- Large intestine (absorption and dehydration)
What does the respiratory system consist of?
- Nasal passages
- Pharynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi of lungs (cilia lining this sytem help trap dust particles)
The vascular system consists of?
- Heart
- Arteries
- Caillaries
- Veins
How much blood does the heart pump?
5-6 liters 60x a minute
What are parts of the lymphatic system?
- Lymph nodes
- Thymus
- Bone marrow
- Tonsils
- Spleen
Hormones help regulate metabolism and involuntary smooth and cardiac muscle fibers, play a role in growth and development, reproduction process, immune system. What system and organs does it involve?
- Endocrine system
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Pituitary glands
- Ovaries
- Testes
- Pancrease
- Adrenal medulla
- Salivary glands
- Hypothalamus
- Stomach
- Intestine
- Liver
- Kidneys
- Heart
- Skin
The urinary system is composed of?
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urinary tract
What are the 5 speical senses?
- Vision (eyes)
- Hearing (ear -- external ear, middle ear, and internal ear)
- Equilibrium (inner ear)
- Smell (olfactory organ -- nasal cavity)
- Taste (taste buds)
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
- Protection: protects the body from chemical, physical, and microbial injury and heat loss
- Absorption: in the gut absorbs nutrients from food. Lungs absorb O2
- Secretion: glandular tissue secretes important chemicals
What are the 4 types of epithelial tissue what what do they look like?
- Squamous: scale-like or flat. LInes air sacs of the lungs
- Cuboidal: roughly cube shaped. Lines the ovaries, salivary glands. (secretes and absorbs)
- Columnar: tall and narrow. Lines stomach (secrete and absorbs)
- Pseudo-stratified: rod like
The_____ eipthelium is several layers thick (i.e. skin) and the outermost layer will accumulate _____.
- Stratified
- Keratin
Where is keritinized and nonkeratnized epithelium found?
- Keratinized: fibrous waterproof protein found in skin cells
- Nonkeratinized: epithelium in superficial layers of lining mucossa
What are the 4 basic levels of the epithelium?
- Basal layer (stratum basale)
- Spinous layer (stratum spinosum)
- Granular Layer (stratum granulosum)
- Superficial layer (stratum corneum)
The basal layer is the ____ layer composed of a single layer of ____ shaped cells that overline the _____. It is _____ therefore mitosis occurs in this layer.
- Deepest
- Cuboidal cells
- Basement membrane
- germinative
The basal layer is the ____ layer composed of a single layer of ____ shaped cells that overline the _____. It is _____ therefore mitosis occurs in this layer.
- Deepest
- Cuboidal cells
- Basement membrane
- germinative
This is a thin, acellular, ehcmial-based structure always located between any form of epithelium and connective tissue. It is composted of what 2 layers?
- Basement Membrane
- Basal lamina: Produced by epithelum cells (SUPERFICIAL)
- Reticular lamina: produced by connective tissue and is more fibrous (DEEP)
What are the functions of the basement membrane?
- Supports, cushions the epithelium
- Reinforces the epithelial sheet, helping it resist stretching and tearing forces
- Connects epithelium to the connective tissue and defines the boundary
- Acts as a filtration barrier for both the epithelium and connective tissue
What are the three layers of the mucous membrane. They include the 2 layers of the basement membrane.
- Basal lamina: supperficial epithelial type tissue
- Reticular lamina: deeper connective type tissue
- Lamina propria: loose connective tissue that underlies the epithelium of mucous membranes.
What are the 2 particular types of neural tissue cells?
- Neurons: nerve cells that retrieve and conduct impulses.
- Neuroglia: supporting cells of the nervous system (5-50x more numerous than neurons) protects the nerve cells.
What are the 3 parts of a neuron?
- Dendrite: multiple, receives impulses and conducts them into the cell body
- Cell body: contains neucleus and cytopasm and transfers signal to axon
- Ason: conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. The impulses terminate into axon terminals.
FYI: axons outside the CNS are insulated by myelin sheeth (product of Schwann cells)
What are the 3 clssifications of connective tissue?
- Loose
- Dense
- Loose with special purpose
What are the functions of connective tissue?
- Support
- Repair
- Protection
What are the 3 types of fiber tissue?
- Collagen
- Elastic
- Reticular
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