Asian Englishes

Varieties of English (standard, dialect, national, regional, creole, hybrid, 'broken', etc.) throught the world

Varieties of English (standard, dialect, national, regional, creole, hybrid, 'broken', etc.) throught the world

New Englishes are explicitly restricted to the newly grown second-language varieties especially of Africa and Asia, like Tanzanian or Indian English

unites all the varieties which have shared origin in (mostly) British colonization activities, emphazising this historical origin and the processes which have resulted from it. So it excludes British English but includes American or Australian English, the New Englishes, and English-related creoles.

Any set of linguistic forms which patterns acoording to certain factors

Any body of human speech patterns which is sufficiently homogenous to be analysed by available techniques of synchronic description and which has a sufficiently large repertory of elements and their arrangements or processes with braod enough semantic scope to function in all formal contexts of communication.

1. Phonetics and phonology 

2. Vocabulary

3. Synatx

4. Semantics

5. Pragmatics

a) complete absence of the copula verb 'be' or reduced forms

b) omission of third-person singular 's' in the present tense

--> Story stay the same.

c) consonat cluster simplyfication 

--> I was tryna get it on my way.

d) double negation

--> I ain't got no money.

A language which is used in communication between speakers who have no native language in common.

A variety of language without native speakers which arises in a language contact situation of multilingualism and which operates as a lingua franca.

A language which has undergone considerable pidginisation but where the reduction associated with pidginisation has been replaced by a process of expansion or creolisation, as a result of having acquired a community of native speakers and of being employed for an increasingly wide range of purposes.

Native speaker's importance continously decreases when it comes to standardising World Englishes.

--> numbers are outdated

The expanding and the outer circle are continously growing.

Foundation: 1600 --> Royal Charter to the East India Company 

Exonormative Stabilization: 1757 --> Battle of Plassey =British control over Bengal and Bihar

Nativisation: British India in 19th century , Independence(s) in South Asia

Endonormative Stabilisation: 1947 --> Independence 

1950 --> Provision to replace English with Hindi

1965 --> English remains second official language

1. Non-initial existential 'there'

--> Competition is there but this competition is not healthy, often it is maipulated competition.

2. Topicalisation

--> That you must do previous day na. Ne previous day we never do

3. Left dislocation

--> A. How do you find the mess food over here Madhumita? B: Mess food, it's a bit too hot I think so.

4. Invariant tag questions

--> No, the elections notification came on first or second November, isn't it?

5. Focus marker

--> And how come that you came to be a prof only?

I think I shoud start going to the gym from now itself.

Sinhala, Tamil, English and Malay

1796: Ceylon becomes part of the British East India Company --> English becomes official language of Sri Lanka

1831-1832: The Colebrooke-Cameron Comission --> Langugae-based westernisation with language as the main tool

1875: Education in English becomes popular

1917: First SL novel in English

1900- 1947: Independence Movements (World War 2)

1943: State Council decides that Sinhala & Tamil should replace Englich after Independence (although the original bill stated the Sinhala should replace English)

1946: Ten-year transition period from English ti indigenous languages 

1948: Sri Lanka becomes independent

1956: The Sinhala Only Policy --> Sinhala as the only official language of SL (--> Tamil riots)

1958: Tamil Special Provisions Act (--> passed in 1966 against Sinhalese protests) --> reasonable use of Tamil in administration

1972: New Constitution: Sinhala is official language , Sinhala and Tamil are national languages

1987: Indo-Sri Lanka Accord --> Sinhala and Tamil as official languages