Applied Physiology
Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: The Blood
Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: The Blood
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Cartes-fiches
Blood
liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix
Extracellular matrix
called blood plasma, and it suspends various cells and cell fragments
Three General Functions of Blood
Transportation: trasports oxygen from lungs to cell bodies ad carbon dioxide from cell bodies to luns for exhalation. Carries nutrients and hormone to cell bodies and heat and waste products to e eliminated from body
Regulation: regulate ph, body temperature
Protection: clot formation, white blood protect against disease
Physical Characteristics of Blood
Denser and thicker than water and feels slightly sticky.
Temp 38C (100.4F)
AlkalinePH 7.35-7.45
Color: Oxgenated-> Bright Red, Unsaturated with Oxgen: dark red
Blood Volume: Average male->5-6Liters, Average Woman-> 4-Liters
Components of Blood: Blood Plasma
a watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances
Components of Blood: Formed Elements
are cells and cell fragments
45% of blood
Substances in Blood Plasma
Water (91.5%) : liquid portion of blood. Solvent and suspending medium. Absorbs, transports, and releases heat.
Plasma proteins (7%): Most produced by liver. Responsible for collid osmotic pressure. Major contributors to blood viscosity. Transport hormones (steroid), fatty acids, and calcium. Help regulate blood pH
Albumins: Smallest and most numerous plasma proteins. Help maintain osmotic pressure, an important factor in the exchange of fluids across blood capillary walls.
Globulins: Large proteins (plasma cells produce immunoglobulins) Immunoglobulins help attack viruses and bacteria. Alpha and beta globulins transport iron, lipids, and fat-soluble vitamins
Fibrinogen: Large protein Plays essential rold in blood clotting.
Other Solutes (1.5%)
Electrolytes: Help maintain osmotic pressure and play essential roles in cell functions
Nutrients: products of digestion, such as amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, vitamins, and minerals. Essential roles in cell functions, growth, and development.
Gases: Oxygen:Important in many cellular functions., Carbon Dioxide: Involved in the regulation of blood pH, Nitrogen: No known function.
Regulatory Substances: Enzymes: Catalyze chemical reactions, Hormones: Regulate metabolism, growth and development, Vitamins: Cofactors for enzymatic reactions
Waste products: Most are breakdown products of protein metabolism that are carried by the blood to organs of excretion
Three principle components of formed elements of blood
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) (Erythrocytes): transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide from body cells to the lungs
White Blood Cells (WBCs) (leukocytes): protect the body from invading pathogens and other foreign substances. Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes. Lymphocytes: B lymphocytes (Bcells), T lymphocytes (tcells), and natural killer (NK) cells.
Platelets: fragments of cells that do not have nucleus. Release chemicals that promote blood clotting
Hematocrit
Percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs
Normal range females: 38-46%
Normal range males: 40-54%
anemia
lower than number of RBCs
Polycythemia
65% or higher RBC. Raises the viscoosity of blood.
Which of the following blood cells are INCORRECTLY matched with their functions?
A lower than normal hematocrit may indicate anemia while a higher than normal hematocrit may indicate polycythemia.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
Blood transports which of the following substances?
How many kilograms or pounds of blood does your body contain?
Hemopoiesis/ Hematopoiesis
process by which formed elements of blood develop
