2S_Englisch Vocabulary - Economics/Marketing

a cost incurred that cannot be recovered //// The simplest option is to walk away, but companies that have huge sunk costs may find it difficult to do. * to incur/recover sunk costs

(to make) an amount of goods and services available for use //// Across the economy, it seems that demand for viable CEO candidates exceeds supply.* They supply parts to the automotive industry. * excess supply * a limited/unlimited supply of * the money supply * a supply chain/curve/price * supply-side economics * to ensure/boost/restrict the supply of

(to ask a particular group of people) a set of questions to find out their attitudes or behaviour //// A recent survey found/revealed/showed that 75% of those questioned were in favour of the plan. * Of the 100 companies surveyed, 10 per cent had a turnover of £50m to £99m. * to conduct/carry out/do a survey * a survey of

a tax imposed on imported goods and services //// The US has imposed/set/reduced tariffs on chocolate from Brazil. * agricultural/industrial tariffs * customs/export/import tariffs * high/low/steep tariffs * an increase/a reduction in tariffs * tariff barriers/protection/rates * to cut/eliminate/remove tariffs

the activity of selling a product and taking orders by phone //// People who believe they are victims of telemarketing fraud/scams should call our Consumer Protection Division.

an equivalent given in return //// The move is a tit-for-tat response to Volkswagen’s attempts to expand sales in southern China. * If he responds negatively, we strongly suggest you do not get involved in a tit for tat.

the idea that a business has become so large that a government will provide assistance to prevent its failure //// The market perception that some financial institutions are “too big to fail” is alive and well.

(to make) a commercial transaction involving the sale and purchase of a good, service, or information //// Trade negotiations turned into an exchange of recriminations. * All councils trade electronically with their suppliers. * Only six months ago the shares were trading as high as 35.5p. * the balance of trade * fair/foreign/global trade * insider trading * a trade deficit/surplus * a trade union

reducing or forgoing one or more desirable outcomes in exchange for increasing or obtaining other desirable outcomes //// There has to be a trade-off between quality and quantity if we want to keep prices low. * The explosion in data collection has been accepted by many as a trade-off for convenience and discounts.

expenses paid when buying or selling securities //// At their initial recognition liabilities are measured at fair value less transaction cost. * There are transaction costs of about 7%.

a measure that looks at how well members of the labor force are being utilized to their full potential //// Having a degree or other qualifications is no protection against under-employment.

the economic state of being without a job, which is often used to measure the health of an economy //// The United States trails many other advanced economies when it comes to reducing unemployment levels. *cyclical unemployment; *structural unemployment

a feature of a product that makes it different from its competitors //// Your USP has to tell people why they should do business with you. * Their USP was that they guaranteed delivery in 30 minutes or less.

the enhancement given to a product or service before being offered to the public. //// Officials have also asked that the creditors agree to a reduction in the 23 percent value-added tax for restaurant meals.

a measure of the value of all of the assets owned by a person, community, company or country //// Rising wealth is likely to be a tempting target for governments seeking new revenue sources.

a company's total earnings //// Daimler said it booked a non-cash accounting profit of 1.67 billion euros attributable to shareholders.

a notice, picture or film that tries to persuade people to buy a product or service //// I placed/put an advertisement in the local paper to sell my car. * to answer/reply to an advertisement * a banner/display/Internet ad * to place an ad * a want (also classified) ad

a person who starts using new technology before or after most other people //// The tough part about being an early-stage adopter is the high price involved in being ahead of the pack. * early/late adopter of

to tell the public about a product or service in order to sell it //// They no longer advertise alcohol or cigarettes at sporting events. * to advertise (something) on television/in a newspaper, etc.

the business of telling the public about a product or service in order to sell it //// Advertising takes up 10 % of our total budget. *an advertising budget * direct mail advertising * international/customized advertising * word-of-mouth advertising

a business that provides a particular service for other businesses or organizations //// She was asked to join the agency as one of the first agents in the company's newly opened New York City office. * an advertising/rating/publicity agency

a person who acts for or manages the affairs of other people in business //// Please contact the agents and distributors. * a press agent * to sell as sole agent

The sum or total of multiple items //// The administration has asked industry to submit ideas for what tools and services the agency can use to aggregate and report information on travel.

an increase in the value of an asset over time //// After three straight months of annual home value appreciation above five percent, the market recovery has proven it is on very sound footing.

economic self-sufficiency or independence //// The government has rightly made energy autarky its basic plank for economic growth and development.

economic policies and programs that are designed to offset fluctuations in a nation's economic activity. //// In the event that risks to the economy materialize, allowing the automatic stabilizers to operate would be the first line of defence.

a record of all transactions made between one particular country and all other countries during a specified period of time. //// The surplus in the country’s balance of payments was 30.1 billion last year, the Monetary Authority said. *negative balance of payments

the difference between the money that a country receives from exports and that it spends on imports //// The long-run picture of the UK's export performance is still one of a decline in the balance of trade in goods was blamed by many economists on a high pound.

the amount of money equal to a percentage of the total deposits that banks must have available for customers to take out //// A credit crunch will destabilize all four BRIC economies, forcing them to devote their large central bank reserves to domestic needs.