Area beyond the runway on the centre-line & At least as wide as the runway & May be longer than the clearway

The distance travelled with the available fuel & Can be used as a measure of efficiency & =NM/kg

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This flashcard set is designed for vocational school students preparing for their ATPL exams, focusing on critical aspects of flight operations, fuel management, and crew responsibilities. It covers essential topics like flight time, fuel calculations, crew duties, and regulatory requirements, providing a comprehensive overview for pilots and aviation professionals. The flashcards delve into specific details such as oxygen supply, emergency procedures, and performance classifications, ensuring that users are well-prepared for the challenges of commercial aviation.

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Clearway is

Area beyond the runway that aircraft may fly at below the screen height

Area beyond the runway on the centre-line

Maximum of 50% TORA

Maximum of 150% TORA

Performance Classifications

CS23 - Small Aircraft Requirements

CS25 - Large Aircraft Requirements

CS35 - Large Aircraft Requirements

CS33 - Small Aircraft Requirements

EU-OPS Classifications: Class A

Multi Engine Jets TOM->5700kg or PAX->9

Turboprops TOM->5700kg or PAX->9

Pistons

Turboprops MCTOM≤5700kg and PAX≤9

EU OPS Classifications: Class B

Turboprops MCTOM≤5700kg and PAX≤9

Turboprops TOM->5700kg or PAX->9

Pistons MCTOM≤5700kg and PAX≤9

Pistons TOM->5700kg or PAX->9

EU OPS Classifications: Class C

Pistons TOM->5700kg or PAX->9

Turboprops TOM->5700kg or PAX->9

Pistons MCTOM≤5700kg and PAX≤9

Turboprops MCTOM≤5700kg and PAX≤9

Balanced field

TODA = ASDA

Occurs when the stopway and clearway are of equal length

TORR = ASDR

Occurs when the runway and clearway are of equal length

Measured Performance

Average flown by test pilots

Average of a fleet flown by line pilots

Gross performance degraded by a safety factor

All Engines Operative

Gross Performance

Average of a fleet flown by line pilots

Average of a fleet flown by test pilots

Gross performance degraded by a safety factor

Net Performance

Average flown by test pilots

Average flown by line pilots

Gross performance degraded by a safety factor

One Engine Inoperative

Stopway

Area beyond the runway on the centre-line

Area beyond the runway that aircraft may fly at below the screen height

At least as wide as the runway

May be longer than the clearway

FLTOM – Field Limited Take-Off Mass

Restricted by TODA

Restricted by the climb performance

CLTOM – Climb Limited Take-Off Mass

Restricted by the climb performance

Restricted by the TODA

The ____ of FLTOM and CLTOM gives us PLTOM (Performance Limited Take-Off Mass)

Lowest

Highest

Absolute Ceiling

ROC 0fpm

ROC 100fpm

ROC 300fpm

ROC 500fpm

Service Ceiling

ROC 0fpm

ROC 100fpm

ROC 300fpm

ROC 500fpm

Performance ceiling

ROC 0fpm

ROC 100fpm

ROC 300fpm

ROC 500fpm

Optimum Altitude

Highest SR

Lowerst SR

Specific range

The distance travelled with the available fuel

The height gained with the available fuel

Can be used as a measure of efficiency

Can be used as a measure of power

=NM/kg

Moving CG forward

Increased Fuel Consumption

Increased Longitudinal Stability

Increased Stall Speed

Decreased Rate of Climb

Same effects as a heavier aircraft

Moving CG aft

Decreased Longitudinal Stability

Light Pitch Stick Forces

Increased Range and Endurance

Decreased Stall Speed

Same effects as a lighter aircraft

Order of speeds

VS < VMP < VX(P) < VY(P) < VMD/VX(J) < VY(J) < 1.32 VMD

VS < VX(P) < VMP < VY(P) < VMD/VX(J) < VY(J) < 1.32 VMD

VS < VMP < VY(P) < VX(P) < VMD/VX(J) < VY(J) < 1.32 VMD

VS < VMP < VX(P) < VY(P) < VMD/VX(J) < 1.32 VMD < VY(J)

Vref – Speed at 50ft (Screen Height)

1.3 VS0 (Class B)

1.23 VSR0 (Class A)

1.23 VSR0 (Class B)

1.3 VS0 (Class A)

Take-Off Regulatory Factors(Class B)

TORR = TODR(GROSS) x 1.25(no stopway/clearway)

TORR = TODR(GROSS) x 1(with stopway/clearway)

ASDR = TODR(GROSS) x 1.3(with stopway/clearway)

TODR = TODR(GROSS) x 1.15(with stopway/clearway)

FLLTOM calculated using the shortest of these distances

Landing speed requirements (Class B)

VREF ≤ 1.3 VS0

VREF ≤ 1.23 VS0

VREF ≤ 1.3 VS1

VREF ≤ 1.23 VS0

Landing regulatory factors(Class B)

LDR = LDR(GROSS) x1.43

LDR = LDR(GROSS) x1.67

LDR = LDR(GROSS) x1.3

LDR = LDR(GROSS) x1.23

Critical Engine

Worst engine to fail (highest yaw moment)

For clockwise propellers, the critical engine is the left engine

A failure increases VX and decreases VY

A failure increases VY and decreases VX

VMC – Minimum Control Speed(Class B)

Enough to maintain control with 5° AoB

Enough to maintain control with 15° AoB

≤ 1.2 VS1

≤ 1.2 VS0

OEI Climb Gradient Requirements(Class B)

Measurably Positive at 400ft

0.75% at 1500ft

AEO Climb Gradient Requirements(Class B)

4% at Screen Height

0.75% at 1500ft

Measurably Positive at 400ft

Obstacle clearance (Class B)

Minimum 50ft clearance

Use factored winds (50% headwind, 150% tailwind)

AEO Climb Gradient is factored by 0.77

Above a cloud base, use OEI CG

Net Gradient = Gross Gradient +0.5%

Final reserve fuel (Reciprocating/piston engine)

45min

50min

30min

25min

Final reserve fuel (Turbojet)

45min

30min HOLDING fuel flow at 1500ft above alternate aerodrome

30min HOLDING fuel flow at 1500ft above destination aerodrome when no alternate required(Therefore additional fuel + final reserve = 15 min additional + 30 min reserve fuel = 45 mins)

120min

Final reserve fuel for ISOLATED aerodromes

30min

45min

120min

50min

Minimum additional fuel

Additional 15 minutes holding fuel if no alternate

Additional 30 minutes holding fuel if no alternate

With destination alternate no additional alternate fuel required

Predetermined Point (PDP) Procedure: Piston/reciprocating the greater of

2 hours CRUISE FUEL FLOW OR 45 minutes fuel + 15% cruise time (Destination) whichever is less (TOC to TOD)

45 minutes fuel (Alternate)

30 minutes hold (Not less than final reserve fuel)

2 hours cruise consumption

Predetermined Point (PDP) Procedure: Jet the greater of

30 minutes hold (Not less than final reserve fuel)

45 minutes fuel (Alternate)

2 hours cruise consumption

2 hours CRUISE FUEL FLOW OR 45 minutes fuel + 15% cruise time (Destination) whichever is less (TOC to TOD)

Contingency fuel

For unforeseen circumstances between departure & destination

5% of trip fuel OR 5 minutes of holding fuel whichever is higher

3% of planned trip fuel provided En-Route Alternate(ERA) is available

Alternate fuel

Includes missed approach at destination

Excludes missed approach at alternate

Excludes missed approach at destination

Includes missed approach at alternate

Approach criteria (Precision or NPA)

MINIMUM Visual approach minima RVR = 800m

NON-PRECISION: Threshold RVR >750m

Single Pilot Operations

5 IFR Flights preceding 90 days

3 IR Approaches preceding 90 days

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