Physiology of Eating - L1

Spring 21

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Flashcards	13
Language	English
Category	Biology
Level	University
Created / Updated	06.05.2021 / 06.06.2021
Weblink	https://card2brain.ch/box/20210506_physiology_of_eating
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Pro's Translational Approach of Research

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1. Physiological Mechanisms of energy balance regulation are well conserved

2. Methodology/Ethics

3. Control of variables like environment, genetic variation, placebo effects

4. Repeatability

5. cost

Cons Translational Approach Research

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1. Mice are not rats and not humans

2. moslty male animals are used

Measures of obesity

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1. WHR

2. BMI

- widely used

- does not take the body composition into account -> great disadvantage

- however, correlations are still seen between BMI & health risks

Causes of obesity (2)

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1. Energy intake & energy expenditure

2. Genetics & Environment

Energy expenditure (&energy intake)

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Brown Adipose tissue -> UPC1 (uncouples ATP to produce heath without using muscular activity)

-> NO convincing evidence yet that BAT as viable pharmacological target for BW loss (activation through pharmacological might even lead to increased heart rate and systolic blood pressure)

Beta-2 Adrenoceptor = main target for pharmaceuticals to target BAT

Does excess caloric intake lead to an activation of BAT as means of preventing obesity?

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NO! No evolutionary reason why such a mechanism should have been developed -> unnecessary energy waste

Energy expenditure (&energy intake) -> Thyroid hormones

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- cold environment & eating increase thyroid hormone secretion (they increase the metabolism in general)

. Specifially increase heat production through an uncoupling effect: "endogenous uncouplers"

Genes & Environment

Is obesity monogenetic?

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NO! Polygenic: independent & interacting effects of genetics, epigenetics & the environment

(monogenic diseases in relation to bodyweight are mostly related to leptin deficiency - but only makes up 5% of obesity cases)

Environment & body weight

(+Twin experiment)

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We are more susceptible to obesity in our current environment than in our past environment.

Monozygotic twin experiment: received + 1000kcal/d for 100 d -> between groups substantial variances in BW gain, but within groups only slight differences (Environment plays a big role)

Collateral fattening

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BW changes -> FM establishes faster than FFM -> leads to lower EE -> feedback loop activated to compensate for lean mass which leads to excess caloric intake -> excess fat deposition

Ultra-processed foods

lead to increased energy intake & weight gain:

Mechanisms? (Proposals)

1. disconnection of gut-brain communication

2. Eating rate

3. Protein leverage hypothesis

Sleep + obesity

endocrine changes -> higher food reward -> lower thermogenesis & PA -> more fatigue -> higher EI & lower EE

Consequences of obesity (3)

1. health care costs due to comorbidities

2. comorbidities (heart attack, fatty liver disease, diabetes..)

3. negative stigma + people are blamed for their condition

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Physiology of Eating - L1

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