Homeostasis

Receptor (observe controlled condtition and detect changes) -> control centre (determines next action) -> effector (receives directions from control centre & produces response to put the condition back to normal)

Bodily activities that require quick response, detects changes in external environment and initiates reactions

Body temperature 

Regulation of activites with long duration, control of concentration of nutrients, through regulating the kidney function -> control of internal environment's volume and electrolyte composition

Blubber is a layer under the skin which keeps them warmth, as well as fur and hair adaptations (cold area -> more fur/hair, hot area -> less fur/hair)

Primary method to cool down

Sweating = Sweat glands releases water onto the outer surface of the skin and this water then evaporates and cools the skin down

Panting = Release heat through mouth

Bathing = Elefants splashes water over him and cools down 

Actin & Myosin interaction and ATP hydrolysis

Muscles bound - not bound - bound ... quick crossbridging of muscles

uses a big amount of energy 

Heat generation -> maintains our body temperature

Brown adipose tissue produces heat by non-shivering thermogenesis

Thermogenine is located in mitochondrial membrane of brown fat cells

It uncouples proton movement from ATP -> Energy change produces heat instead of ATP molecules

Brown fat contains of more capillaries than white fat, these capillaries supply oxygen and nutrients and distribute the heat throghout the body

Low metabolic rate

Slow breathing

Slow heart rate 

Lower metabolic rate 

Lower breathing rate 

Lower heart rate 

Lower body temperature 

Torpor is much shorter than hibernation

Torpor happens unintended without control and when the external conditions dictate it

Vasoconstriction = The skin is more pale because the blood is not flowing close to the surface to prevent heat loss (winter)

Vasodilation = The blood flows closer to the skin surface to lose heat. The cooled blood then flows back to the heart. (summer)

Parallel pipes of liquid flowing in opposite directions to save energy

Exchange of small gradients to not loose too much heat. 

Parallel pipes of liquid in the same direction. 

Large gradients disappear quickly so more energy is lost 

The regulation of concentration of body fluids 

Movement from an area of a greater to a lower concentration 

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane 

The concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per litre 

Lose water by osmosis 

Gain ions by diffusion 

Drink water 

Less salt internally than externally

Doesn't drink water 

Gain water by osmosis

Lose ions by diffusion 

Internal more salt than external

Sewater concentration = Internal concentration of hagfish 

Very slimy!

Located in nasal area and excrete excess salt 

Small party which build the kidney

ADH = arginine vasopressin = tells kidney's how much water to conserve 

Renin 

Angiotensine 

Aldosterone 

They are produced in a islet of langerhans region in the pancreas , which contains insulin producing beta cell and glucagon producing alpha cell. 

When glucose is present, insulin gets released and binds to insulin receptors on cells (liver, brain). This causes glucose transporters (GLUT 1,2,3,4) (membrane proteins in vesicle) to move up to the cell membrane to increase the glucose transport into the cell. 

If this works wellm glucose gets transported into respiratory cells. -> insulin increases respiration

Release of insulin when blood sugar (glucose) is high

Facilitates the transport of glucose into targer cells 

Promotes energy storage in fat cells 

Glucagon is released when blood sugars (glucose) are low 

Causes liver to convert glycogen (polysaccharide with many branches) into glucose, which then gets released into the bloodstream