Set of flashcards hygiene & epidemiology

Flashcards	23
Language	English
Category	Medical
Level	University
Created / Updated	27.01.2018 / 30.01.2020
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WHO recommmends a reduction in sodium intake to reduce blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular diseases, stroke and coronary heart disease in adults. WHO recommends a reductin to:

A. <2 g/day sodium in adults

B. <5 g/day salt in adults

C. <2 g/day salt in adults

D. answer A and B are correct

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A. <2 g/day sodium in adults

B. <5 g/day salt in adults

C. <2 g/day salt in adults

D. answer A and B are correct

In both adults and children, WHO recommends reducing the intake of free sugars to:

more then 10% of total energy intake

less than 10% of total energy intake

less than 15% ot total energy intake

more then 15% of total energy intake

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more then 10% of total energy intake

less than 10% of total energy intake

less than 15% ot total energy intake

more then 15% of total energy intake

Free sugar include:

monosA. saccharides and sisaccharides added to foods and beverages by the manufacturer, cook or consumer

B. sugars aturally present in hony and syrups

C. sugars naturally present fruit juices ans fruit juice concentrates

D. answers A, B and C are correct

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monosA. saccharides and sisaccharides added to foods and beverages by the manufacturer, cook or consumer

B. sugars aturally present in hony and syrups

C. sugars naturally present fruit juices ans fruit juice concentrates

D. answers A, B and C are correct

The indicator of type of obesity (abdominal/gluteal) is:

A. WHR

B. waist-hip ration

C. in adults it is a ration between waist circumference and hip circumference

D. all of above

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A. WHR

B. waist-hip ration

C. in adults it is a ration between waist circumference and hip circumference

D. all of above

BMI is a simple index of weight for height commonly used to classify underweight, overweight and obesity in adults. A patient with a BMI equal to 33 is:

underweight

obese

overweight

proper weight

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underweight

obese

overweight

proper weight

BMR is not:

the largest single componet of 24-hour energy expenditure in most individuals

energy required for the activity of the internal organs and to maintain body temperature

influenced by factors like: age, sex, body size, body composition, nutrition, physiological and hormonal state, stress and smoking

defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres

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the largest single componet of 24-hour energy expenditure in most individuals

energy required for the activity of the internal organs and to maintain body temperature

influenced by factors like: age, sex, body size, body composition, nutrition, physiological and hormonal state, stress and smoking

defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres

A diet rich in dietary fibre tends to:

decrease fecal weight (by water-holding capacity of fibre, by bacterial grwoth and osmotic effect of bacterial fermentation products in the colonic lumen)

increase intestinal transit time

improve lipid metabolism

decrease caecal bacterial growth ans metabolism

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decrease fecal weight (by water-holding capacity of fibre, by bacterial grwoth and osmotic effect of bacterial fermentation products in the colonic lumen)

increase intestinal transit time

improve lipid metabolism

decrease caecal bacterial growth ans metabolism

Deficiency of this mineral is liked to low bone density of new-born and maternal osteomalacia:

zinc

iron

calcium

lead

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zinc

iron

calcium

lead

BOD is:

A. a measurment of weight of dissolved oxygen consumed in the biological processes that degrade organic matter

B. the largest single component of 24-hour energy expenditure in most individuals

C. biochemical oxygen demand

D. answer A and C are correct

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A. a measurment of weight of dissolved oxygen consumed in the biological processes that degrade organic matter

B. the largest single component of 24-hour energy expenditure in most individuals

C. biochemical oxygen demand

D. answer A and C are correct

the aim of primordial prevention is:

reduce the more serious consequences of disease through early diagnosis and treatment

reducing the progress or complications of established disease and is an important aspect of therapeutic and rehabilitation medicine

to avoid the emergance and establishment of the social, economic and cultural paterns of living that are known to contribute to an elevated risk of diesease

nonr of above

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reduce the more serious consequences of disease through early diagnosis and treatment

reducing the progress or complications of established disease and is an important aspect of therapeutic and rehabilitation medicine

to avoid the emergance and establishment of the social, economic and cultural paterns of living that are known to contribute to an elevated risk of diesease

nonr of above

An association between creening rates and reductions in the death rate from cervical cancer in selected Canadian provinces in the 1970s is the example of effective:

primordial prevention

primary prevention

secondary prevention

tertiary prevention

primordial prevention

primary prevention

secondary prevention

tertiary prevention

Which sentence about folic acid is false:

Institute of Medicine recommends all women of reproductive age consume 0,4 mg/d of folic acid from supplements or fortified foods, in addition to a diet rich in food folate

for women who have had a previous affected pregnancy (NTD), folic acid supplementation of 4 mg/d is recommended

Institute of Medicine recommends folic acid supplementation only for women whi have had previous affected pregnancy (NTD)

none of above

Institute of Medicine recommends all women of reproductive age consume 0,4 mg/d of folic acid from supplements or fortified foods, in addition to a diet rich in food folate

for women who have had a previous affected pregnancy (NTD), folic acid supplementation of 4 mg/d is recommended

Institute of Medicine recommends folic acid supplementation only for women whi have had previous affected pregnancy (NTD)

none of above

Sensitivity is:

A. the proportion of people with the disease in the screened population eho are identified as ill by the screening test

B. the proportion of disease-free people who are so identified by the creening test

answer A and B are correct

none of above

A. the proportion of people with the disease in the screened population eho are identified as ill by the screening test

B. the proportion of disease-free people who are so identified by the creening test

answer A and B are correct

none of above

Work-related stress can be causeed by:

1. poor work organization

2. the way we design jobs and work systems and the way we manage them

3. poor work design

4. lack of control over workk processes

5. poor menagement

6. unsatisfactory wirking conditions

7. lack of support from colleagues and supervisors

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

So called Hill's criteria must be met to establish a cause-effect relationship. Which of the following does not belong to:

reversibility

strength association

randomness

temporality

reversibility

strength association

randomness

temporality

All of the following are measures of dispersion, EXCEPT:

percentile

range

standard deviation

variance

percentile

range

standard deviation

variance

Which typer of epidemiological study is useful for relative risk analysis:

cohort study

cross-sectional study

retrospective (case-control) study

descriptive study

cohort study

cross-sectional study

retrospective (case-control) study

descriptive study

The value that occurs most frequently in a set of data is defined as the:

arithmetic mean

geometric mean

median

mode

arithmetic mean

geometric mean

median

mode

Number of fetal deaths in a year expresses as a proportion of total number of birth in the same year is a definition of:

perinatal mortality rate

neonatal mortality rate

fetal death rate

none of the above

perinatal mortality rate

neonatal mortality rate

fetal death rate

none of the above

Peoportion of truly diseased persons in the screened population, who are identified as diseased by the screening test is a definition of:

sensitivity of a diagnostic test

specificity of a diagnostic test

reproducibility of a diagnostic test

positive perdictive value

sensitivity of a diagnostic test

specificity of a diagnostic test

reproducibility of a diagnostic test

positive perdictive value

Name a study that examines the pervalence of disease in different populations subgroups defined according to the presence (or level) of certain variables:

cohort study

cross-sectional study

retrospective (case-control) study

ecological study

cohort study

cross-sectional study

retrospective (case-control) study

ecological study

According to null hypothesis:

there is no conjunction between exposure and disease frequency

there is some conjunction between exposure and disease frequency

none of above

there is no conjunction between exposure and disease frequency

there is some conjunction between exposure and disease frequency

none of above

Screening programs are the example of:

primary prevention

secondary prevention

tertiary prevention

none of above

primary prevention

secondary prevention

tertiary prevention

none of above

hygiene & epidemiology

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