Wörterliste
Jehlifisch Universität
Jehlifisch Universität
119
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Manuel Ging
Manuel Ging
Fichier Détails
| Cartes-fiches | 119 |
|---|---|
| Langue | English |
| Catégorie | Anglais |
| Niveau | Université |
| Crée / Actualisé | 23.06.2015 / 23.06.2015 |
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primary industry
- agriculture
- forestry
- mining
secondary industry
- construction and manufacturing
- manufacturing (transformation of raw materials into finished goods)
- capital goods (equipment and machinery used to produce other goods)
- durable goods (car, washing maschines)
- non-durable goods (food, clothing)
service industry
- banking
- entertainment
- tourism
sole trader
- business is owned by one person who is self-employes
- unlimited liability - personally responsible for any debts
- freelancer
Selbständiger / Einzelunternehmen
partnership
- two or more people run the business
- lawyers, architects and auditing firms
a limited liability company (Llc)
- legal distinction between the company and the owners
- company is responsible for any debts
- quite small, many family-run businesses
- private company because shares cannot be sold to members of the public
- UK: Ltd = limited
public limited company
- company is owned by shareholders
- large financial institutions
- other companies
- members of the public
- dividends
- capital gain or loss when sell the shares
- large companies
- run by managers under the supervision of a Board
- UK: PLC, US: Inc or Corp
stockholder (US) / shareholder (UK)
- larg financial institutions
- other companies
- members of the public
- dividends
- gain or loss when they sell the stock
franchise
- business owner allows other people (fachnisees) to set up in business using the company's brand name, products and reputation
- franchisee has varying degrees of control over how products are marketed or sold
- McDonalds
consumer discretionary goods
- Goods that are not basic to people's lives
- Automobiles and components, Houshold durables, Consumer electronics, ...
fiscal policy
- efforts of the government to keep the economy stable by increasing or decreasing
- taxes and
- government spending
- high tax rates slow the economy because they take money out of the private sector and ut it into the hands of government
- but high taxes also mean that more money is available to spend on education, health, defence, highways and social programms
outsourcing
- an international company uses a low-cost manufactur in another country, and then sells the products under its own brand name in other markets. also called "contract manufacturing". this has been done by many firms in the IT area (for software development as well as hardware) and in the autobomile industry
- outsourcing come or all of their manufactuging
- service jobs are also being outsourcing
protecionism
- politicians will try to protect the job security and social benefits of people who already have a job
- support of high taxes ind order to pay for social programmes and other government spending
- protect national business and jobs with measures such as tarrifs (taxes) and quotas (limits) on imports
quota
- limits on ipmorts to protect national business and jobs
- limits on the quantity of goods
red tape
- =bureaucracy
- make it easier to start a new business
- less fomal
slump
- = depression
- business cyle
subsidy
- money paid by a government to support a business
subsidiary
- company owned by another company
- business operations are under the control of another company, although Head Office is responisble for global strategy.
strategic alliance
- a long-term partnership between two companies of very different size, such as a large manufacturer and one of its suppliers
- the relationship is not that close, so there is usually no sharing of costs, risks, management or profits
tariff
- = taxes
- the technical word for taxes on imported goods
strategic planning
- long term and big picture
- process of defining the company's mission
- determining the overall goals of the organization
- allocating resources to reach the goals
- it is done by top and middle managers
operational planning
- translating the general, long-term goals into more specific, concrete objectives
- it involves monitoring the day-to-day work of departements
- it is done by middle and supervisory managers
mission statement
- top management set a direction for the organization and aim to inspire employees with their vision for the company's futuer
- the vision is often written down in a mission statement
management hierarchy
- = chain of command
- business must decide on the best way to organize its management hierarchy
- the company is rung by top (= senior) managers with jobt titles such as: CEO, COO and a series of Vice-Presidents or Directors of different departements.
- shown in an organigram
centralization
- authority be kept at Head Office
- a strong corporate image
- decision made by experienced managers who see the whole picture, not just one part of the business
- standardized procedures which coul lead to economies of scale (lower costs) and simplier distribution channels
SMART
- objectives should be smart
- S = specfic
- M = measurable
- A = agreed
- R = realistic
- T = time specific
soft skills
- ability to motivate others an improve moral
- difficult to acquire and almost impossible to measur
self-fulfilment
- = self-actualization, Maslow
- top of the hierarchy of needs
- to achieve, to develop to our fullest potential
self-esteem
- ego needs
- fourth level of the hierarchy of needs from Maslow
- recognition and acknowledgement from others
- sense of status or importance
- = feeling that we are valued and important
management by objectives (MBO)
- Prof. Drucker
- MBO calls on managers to work with employees to formulate clear, ambitious but achievable goals.
- Goals has to be monitoring and measurement to ensure objectives ar being met
- workers who achieve their objectives can be rewarded with pay rises, bonuses, etc.
active listening
- this means listening with full attention, not interrupting except to ask for clarification, and giving consideration to the other person's point of view
assertiveness
- this means stating your needs and opinions confidently and clearly, without on the one hand being indirect or "suffering in silence", or on the other being aggressive and rude.
- Duchsetzungsvermögen, Bestimmtheit
heads / hands / heart people
- a team needs a variety of personality types to perform well
- head people who are good at thinking and porblem-solving
- hands people who are good at doing and acting
- heart people who are good at networking and resolving conflicts
morale
- the level of confidence and positive feelings that people have, especially people who work together
empowerment
- = giving employees the athority to make decisions without traditional managerial approval
- Theory Y, most people like work and actively seek responsibility
- giving people more control over their work
job enrichment
- there are five caracteristics affecting an individual's motivation and performance
- skill variety
- task identity
- task significance
- autonomy
- feedback
- try to maximize the five factors within the constraints of the organisation
- make something better and more enjoyable
- job enlargement and job rotation are two specific strategies for it
job rotation
- moving employees form one job to another
job enlargement
- combining a series of tasts into one challenging and interesting assignment
- making something bigger
autonomy
- power to make independent decisions
concept brief
- initial ideas for a new product from marketing or operations
- clear statement describing the form, function, purpose and benefits of the product
- an initial idea for a new product has to be turned into a concept brief that describes its form, function, purpose and benefits
