TTX – 9/10

Arrival behind arrival on same runway:

- arriving VFR flights landing on same runway as preceeding heavy or medium aircraft
OR
- arriving IFR flights executing visual approach when aircraft has reported preceeding aircraft in sight and has been instructed to follow and maintain own separation from that aircraft.

- parallel runway less than 760 m away
- crossing runway when flight paths will cross
- arrival if it will cross flight path of departure
- departure if it will cross flight path of arrival
- cautionary message issue for at least 2 min following the passage of larger aircraft

"Caution wake turbulence from arriving/departing type of aircraft"

B757 (M – but generates stronger vortices than other similar weight)

- following another aircraft, consider as MEDIUM
- fly ahead of other aircraft, consider as HEAVY

...require a time standard.

...require a CAUTION if flight path will cross or enter a heavier catetory aircraft flight path

Require a CAUTION if flight path will cross or enter a heavier category aircraft flight path and the aircraft can see the traffic to avoid the wake. 

If aircraft is not sighted: ATC must provide an inflight time standard.

If flight path crosses one of a heavier category aircraft, which can not be sighted.

2 minutes:
- L, S, M behind H
- L behind M

3 minutes:
- L, S, M behind A380 (J)
2 minutes:
- H behind A380 (J)

distance less than 760 m

3 minutes:
- L, S, M behind H
- L behind M
(when departing from intermediate part)

4 minutes:
- L, S, M behind A380 (J)

- take-off runs of both aircraft commence at the threshold of same runway
- LIGHT aircraft may reasonably be expected to lift of before the rotation point of the preceding MEDIUM aircraft
- flight paths separate immediately after take-off
- pilot of LIGHT aircraft is warned about possibility of wake turbulence

NEVER at OMEGA!

If projected flight path of second aircraft will cross flight path of first aircraft at same altitude or less than 1'000 ft below:

2 minutes:
L, S, M behind H
L behind M

3 minutes:
L, S, M behind A380 (J)
2 minutes:
H behind A380 (J)

2 minutes:
Departing L, S or M behind arriving H 
Departing L behind arriving M
Arriving L, S or M behind H departure (if projected flight paths are expected to cross)
Arriving L behind M departure (if projected flight paths are expected to cross)

3 minutes:
Departing L, S or M behind arriving J 
Arriving L, S or M behind J departure (if projected flight paths are expected to cross)

When the heavier aircraft is making a low or missed approach or departing (time to elapse before flight paths cross):

2 minutes:
L, S, M opposite to H
L opposite to M

3 minutes:
L, S, M opposite to A380 (J)

- calm wind conditions

- light cross wind or tail wind which could keep the wake turbulence on the runway

- wake turbulence drifting to another runway

- departures from same/parallel runway with SAME departure point (2, 3 min)
- departures from same/parallel runway, INTERSECTION departures (3, 4 min)
- crossing runways (if flight paths are expected to cross, less than 1'000 ft) (2, 3 min)
- displaced landing thresholds (1st landing, 2nd departing / 1st departing, 2nd landing) (2, 3 min)
- opposite direction (2, 3 min) 

May be of significantly greater strength than those from fixed-wing aircraft of similar weight.

When operating at lower speeds (20-50 kts).

Less blades (2-blade system stronger ones than more blades)

Do not approve rolling take-off by a heavy aircraft if its jet engine blast may be hazardous to a following aircraft or vehicle, or to ground fixtures.

"Caution jet blast"

- IFR and VFR flights are permitted (ATC clearance needed)
- all flights provided with ATC
- IFR separated from IFR, traffic information about other flights (VFR)
- VFR: traffic information about all flights
- all flights may reques avoidance advice regarding other flights

if visibility < 5'000 m: separated from IFR and other SVFR
(if visibility 5'000 m or more: no separation applied)

vertical (1'000 ft below FL290)
lateral
longitudinal

no – both at 2'000 ft possible

Obtained by requiring aircraft using prescribed altimeter settings to operate at different levels expressed as Flight Levels or Altitudes.

Obtained by ensuring the distance between two portions of the intended routes are never less than an established distance to account for navigational inaccuracies and a specified buffer. (exists if at least one of the aircraft is outside the conflict zone)

- track
- geographical (river, railroad in between)
- prominent topographical features (with know distance)

based on time

Applied so spacing between the estimated positions between two aircrafts is never less than the prescribed minimum. Separation may require speed control if following aircraft is of a higher speed. It may require an aircraft to depart at a specified time, arrive over a geographical location at a specified time or to hold over a geographical location for a specified time.

- 1 minute if tracks diverging at least 45° immediately after take-off
- 2 minutes if preceeding aircraft is 40 kts or more faster (both flying same route)
- 5 minutes while vertical separation does not exist, if departing aircraft will fly through level of preceeding departing aircraft and both fly same route

separation = one runway length

- preceeding departing aircraft has started a turn
- preceeding departing aircraft has crossed the end of runway-in-use
- preceeding landing aircraft is clear of runway-in-use

- preceeding departing aircraft has started a turn
- preceeding departing aircraft has crossed the end of runway-in-use
- preceeding landing aircraft is clear of runway-in-use

Centre of sun's disc is 6 degrees below horizon.

NEVER at OMEGA

- during hours of daylight until 60 minutes after morning civil twilight / 60 minutes before end of civil twilight (ICAO)

- during hours of daylight from 30 minutes after local sunrise to 30 minutes before local sunset (ATMM)