TTX – 7/8
General Tower Theory Chapters 7 + 8
General Tower Theory Chapters 7 + 8
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| Sprache | English |
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How are binoculars and surface movement radar used to scan airfield?
binoculars: to scan airfield for traffic of all kinds (main instrument)
movement radar: to assist
What should you do / be aware of before issuing taxi clearance?
- ensure you have good two-way communication with all surface vehicles
- ensure you are up to date with aircraft recognition
What clearance does CLD give? What does GND give?
CLD:
- start-up clearance
- departure clearance
GND:
- taxi clearance
When / how is a start-up clearance issued?
- on request by aircraft when < 15 min delay at HP expected
- when > 15 min expected (unless related to an ATFM slot) advise crew when start may be expected
When / how is a start-up clearance issued?
- on request by aircraft when < 15 min delay at HP expected
- when > 15 min expected (unless related to an ATFM slot) advise crew when start may be expected
Who's responsible for compliance with EOBT (or AFTM slot)?
pilot
What does a departure clearance consist of?
1. clearance limit (normally destination aerodrome)
2. SID designator or route description
3. initial level (except when included in SID)
4. SSR code
5. any other restrictions (e.g. AFTM slot, instruction relating to frequency change, etc.)
What do you do right before issuing a taxi clearance? How?
determine position of aircraft; normally pilot's report
By whom is a taxi clearance given?
normally GND
(according local procedures, Zurich: APRON)
What does a taxi clearance include?
1. clearance limit (normally RWY holding point); specify RWY to be used for departure
2. route on manouevring area (TWY+RWY designators)
3. information on other aircraft to follow, or which are to be taken into consideration to avoid collisions
4. any other instructions/restrictions
What's important when taxi limit is beyond a runway?
include explicit clearance to cross or instruction to hold short of RWY
What has to be done for interception departures?
pilots acceptance must first be obtained
"advise able to depart from runway XY intersection Z"
Where has an aircraft to hold before a runway?
- at holding point, OR
- length: >= 900 m -> 50 m from RWY edge
- length: < 900 m -> 30 m from RWY edge
How does separation on the manoeuvring area work? What does the controller have to do?
- flight crew is responsible to maintain distance from other aircraft
- ground vehicles are responsible to maintain distance from aircraft and other vehicles
- issue traffic information (when visibility may not allow aircrafts to see each other)
- inform taxiing aircraft of presence, position and intentions of known vehicles in vicinity
Who has priority on the manoeuvring area?
- vehicles + pedestrians give way to all aircraft
- emergency vehicles proceeding to assist aircraft in distress have priority over all other traffic
What if people want to move on the manoeuvring area and on the runway?
they need authorization form GND before entering the manoeuvring area
enter RWY/RWY strip: further specific authorization needed (by ADC)
What has to be done before authorizing people/vehicles to cross any portion of a runway?
obtain approval from ADC
What's the phraseology for people/vehicles?
instead of "taxi" use "proceed"
What's the condition for vehicles to operate on the manoeuvring area? Exceptions?
capable of maintaining two-way communication with GND
exception:
used only on manoeuvring area AND accompanied by vehicle with required COM capability OR employed in accordance with pre-arranged plan established with TWR
What does GND need before authorizing a RWY crossing? What does he need to do after completion?
approval form ADC
report ADC when operation complete
What can be done if unsure whether RWY has been vacated?
"Report runway vacated"
What exactly means "runway vacated"?
= entire aircraft is beyond relevant runway holding point
How does taxi of helicopters happen? What's important to consider?
normally done in ground effect, speed < 20 kts
NOT in close proximity of arriving, departing or taxiing light aircraft (turbulences)
-> issue rotor wash warning
"Caution downwash"
What should the flight crew do when uncertain of position on the manoeuvring area?
- immediately stop aircraft
- simultaneously notify ATS unit (including last known position)
What should the flight crew do when recognizing being on a runway?
- notify ATS unit (including last known position)
- if able locate nearby taxiway + vacate runway ASAP
- then stop aircraft
What should a vehicle do when in doubt of position on manoeuvring area?
- notify ATS unit (including last known position)
- simultaneously vacate landing area/taxiway/... to a safe position ASAP
- stop vehicle
What does ATIS stand for?
Automatic Terminal Information Service
What's the exception when giving ATIS information?
If pilot acknowledges current ATIS information, don't give any information EXCEPT altimeter setting (QNH)
What shall aircraft be in possession of prior to taxi clearance?
- duty runway
- wind
- QNH/QFE
- temperature (turpoprop + jet)
- visibility/RVR (if applicable)
What shall aircraft be in possession of prior to take-off clearance?
- wind
- visibility/RVR (if applicable)
- temperature
- sigmet conditions (actual meteorological conditions near airport)
(departure runway given with take-off clearance)
What shall aircraft be in possession of prior to entering traffic circuit?
- runway
- wind
- QNH/QFE
(- other relevant info)
(- local traffic inco)
(- updated ATIS info)
How should requests for clearances normally be dealt with (priority)?
in order in which they are received
Who has priority when two or more flights of differing priority request a clearance?
the flight with the highest priority shall be dealt with first
What needs to be done when a flight of higher than normal priority intends to operate on routes subject to flow management?
inform Flow Management Unit
Who has priority on the same runway?
Aircraft landing or in final stages of approach over aircraft intending to depart.
Who has priority for landing?
- aircraft encountering emergency
- safe operation is affected, acft compelled to land (e.g. engine failure 1 of 4)
- hospital aircraft, aircraft with sick or seriously injured person requiring urgend medical attantion
- SAR operations
- determined by appropriate authority (heads of state, government)
- flight check / in transit to critical calibration flights
How is a departure sequence normally done?
in the order they are ready for take-off
When can you deviate from a normal departure sequence procedure?
to facilitate the maximum number of departures with the least average delay
Which factors shall be considered when establishing a departure sequence?
- relative aircraft performances
- departure routes, runway requirements, noise abatement
- specified minimum departure interval between take-offs
- wake turbulence separation
- aircraft with priority
- aircraft subject to ATFM requirements
- runway occupancy time
- meteorological conditions
What should be done if pilot reports short of fuel, before giving him priority?
He should be asked to confirm that he is declaring an emergency before giving priority.
("short" being a relative term)
