TTX – 5/6
General Tower Theory Chapter 5 + 6
General Tower Theory Chapter 5 + 6
Kartei Details
| Karten | 31 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | English |
| Kategorie | Verkehrskunde |
| Stufe | Andere |
| Erstellt / Aktualisiert | 24.01.2016 / 16.01.2023 |
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How do aircraft normally land/take-off?
into the wind
What has to be taken into account when surface wind conditions are "light and variable"?
wind at 2000 ft
possibility of wind shear
What if a pilot request the use of another runway than the rwy in use?
- he may face delay
- permission may be deferred until traffic situation permits
What factors are taken into consideration when choosing a runway in use?
- number + type of aircraft programmed for airport (aerodrome traffic circuit)
- length of runway(s)
- weather conditions (present and forecast)
- availability of approach aids in poor visibility conditions
- location of other aircraft
- taxiing distances, including availability of taxiways
- runway surface and braking conditions
What are possible reasons for selecting/changing a runway?
- CB on approach/climb-out
- pilots request
- equipment serviceability
- noise restrictions
- runway maintenance
- sun low in the sky
- wind shear
- local geography
- seperate runways for arrivals/departures
- aircraft types
- wind
- visibility / RVR
- adjacent aerodromes (conflicting circuits or procedures)
- time of day (traffic direction)
- blocked runway
- to expedite traffic
What are the advanteges/disadvanteges of headwind and tailwind?
HEADWIND
- lower GND speed required
- reduced GND roll
- arrivals / departures steeper (to clear obstacles)
- lower power requirement for same IAS
TAILWIND
- higher GND speed required
- increased GND roll
- shallower approach at normal rate
- more susceptible to turbulence, gusts, speed variations
- higher power requirement for same IAS
- less safety margin
What's important when choosing a runway in use with tailwind component (what has to be done)?
Include word "tailwind" in wind statement with landing clearance:
"...tailwind 230 degrees 5 knots, ..."
What are possible crosswind problems?
- un-stabilized approaches
- flight control saturation
- pilot induced oscillation
- loss of situational awareness
- fatigue
- localizer overshoot
- overruns
- short/hard landings
- wingtip/pod strikes
- tail strikes
- landing gear fatigue
What are 2 possible approach methods in crosswind conditions (+ dangers)?
Crab method:
- de-crabbing -> aircraft drift
- side force on wheels
- correct runway alignment (parallel runways)
Sideslip method:
- wing tip strikes
- reduced control options if fluctuating winds
What's the crosswind rule of thumb?
30% off = 50%
50% off = 75%
70% off = 90%
When can you not choose a runway for noise abatement?
If it's not equipped with suitable glide path guidance (ILS) or VASIS for operation in VMC.
When can pilots refuse a runway chosen for noise abatement?
If prompted by safety concerns.
Under what conditions shall noise abatement not be a determining factor when choosing a runway in use?
- runway surface conditions are affected (snow, ice etc.)
- landing conditions:
ceiling < 500 ft (above AD elevation)
vis < 1'900 m
required instrument approach minimum = > 300 ft AND ceiling < 800 ft OR vis < 3'000 ft
- take-off conditions:
vis < 1'900 m
- windshear or thunderstorms have been reported/forecasted
- crosswind component (incl. gusts): > 15 kt
OR tailwind component: > 5 kt
What are the positions in a traffic circuit?
climb-out / crosswind / downwind / base leg / final
"dead side": upwind
(+ long final, extended downwind for long approaches)
At what position has a downwind report to be made?
abeam runway end of landing runway
What is a standard overhead join?
- initial join overhead 1'000 ft above circuit altitude
- descent to circuit altitude on "dead side"
- pilot joins crosswind over upwind threshold
- pilot turns downwind at circuit altitude
- pilot joins base leg and final
What does the size of a circuit depend on?
type of aircraft and pilots ability
What do you have to do if you observe or are informed about any unsafe condition of a runway?
inform watch supervisor (so that information may be passed to appropriate authority)
Who is authorized/responsible to close a runway?
airport authority
What can you do when you're in doubt about a runway condition? And what should you do in any case?
Request a runway condition check.
Inform aircraft requesting this runway of possible unsafe condition and of its nature and request pilot to report intentions.
What do you have to do if a runway is blocked AFTER issuance of a take-off and/or landing clearance? Phraseology?
- inform acft concerned of obstruction and location
- cancel take-off clearance (if roll has not yet started OR
stop take-off (if roll has started)
- instruct to go around (for landing acft)
"SWR 123, hold position, cancel take-off, I say again cancel take-off."
"SWR 123, stop immediately, SWR 123, stop immediately."
Can the pilot still decide to go on with his landing when runway is blocked (after landing clearance is given)?
Yes.
What do you have to do if a pilot requests an unsafe or obstructed runway? Phraseology?
- inform him about serviceability status
- inform that clearance can not be issued
- if pilot insists, tell him that operation will be at his own risk
"Runway 32 closed." / "Runway 32 unsafe."
"(Description of condition) unable to issue landing/departure/touch and go clearance.
"Departure/landing/touch and go will be at your own risk."
What elements can make a Traffic Information necessary?
- restricted visibility
- restricted space and manoeuvrability
- location of the sun
- surrounding background
Define "Essential Aerodrome Information"?
Information regarding the movement area and its associated facilities which is necessary to ensure the safe operation of aircraft.
When should essential aerodrome information be passed to an aircraft?
Whenever possible prior to start-up or taxi and prior to the commencement of final approach.
What is considered to be essential aerodrome information?
a) Construction or maintenance work on, or immediately adjacent to the manoeuvring area.
b) Rough or broken surfaces on a runway or a taxiway, whether marked or not.
c) Snow or ice on a runway or taxiway, snow bands or drifts adjacent to a runway/taxiway.
d) Information concerning sweeping and/or sanding of runways and taxiways.
e) Water on a runway.
f) Other temporary hazards, including parked aircraft, ground running of engines, birds on the ground or in the air.
g) Failure or irregular operation of part or all of the aerodrome lighting systems.
h) Information on the location and operational status of any arrester gear installation.
i) Any other pertinent information.
When are runway inspections done and for what reasons?
- normally prior to the first and last daylight movement
- following any significant meteorological phenomena
- following any unusual aircraft serviceability, issue or incident
Who does a runway inspection?
As requested by ATC through the airport owner.
Describe the conditions of water on a runway?
damp = change of surface colour due to moisture
wet = surface soaked but no standing water
water patches = significant patches of standing water visible
flooded = extensive standing water visible
What braking information is used?
Good – Medium – Poor
