TTX – 19
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ADI Rating
Fichier Détails
| Cartes-fiches | 36 |
|---|---|
| Langue | English |
| Catégorie | Code de la route |
| Niveau | Autres |
| Crée / Actualisé | 07.05.2016 / 16.01.2023 |
| Lien de web |
https://card2brain.ch/box/ttx_19
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How are vortices created?
lift = pressure differential over the wing surface
roll up over the top – swirl downward – creating wing tip vortices
Of what does a wake consist?
After the rollup is completed, the wake consists of two counter rotating cylindrical vortices
(moving down and sidewards)
What defines strength of vortices? Which one are greatest?
weight, speed and shape of wing (flaps, wing configuring devices)
greatest vortex strength: heavy – clean – slow
What's the general hazard of wake?
induced roll (which can exceed roll control capability)
On what does capability to counteract induced roll depend?
wingspan and counter-control responsiveness of aircraft
How do vortices behave?
Voritces sink at a rate of several hundred feet per minute, slowing their descent and diminishing in strength with time and distance behind the generating aircraft.
What factors increase the probability of a vortex encounter?
- heavy, slow and clean landing aircraft
- leading aircraft making go around
- parallel or crossing runways
- VMC because of reduction in seperation during visual approach
- light crosswind (3-10 kts) or tailwind
- stable atmosphere, temperature inversion (e.g. sunrise)
- flat surrounding terrain
- final descent: tailwind can bring wake vortices back to glide path
The air traffic controller's responsibility is, in fact, extended to any flight phase in which the aircraft is ...... ?
radar-vectored
Air traffic controller is also responsible for providing correct separation regarding wake turbulence at ...... ?
take-off
When can responsibility be transferred to flight crew?
flight crew accepts to
- maintain visual seperation
- fly a visual approach
(cautionary!)
Which short- or long-wingspan aircraft are more sensitive to vortices?
short-wingspan
The probability of induced roll increases when the encountering aircraft's heading is generally ...... or ...... with the flight path of the generating aircraft.
aligned / parallel
How do helicopters generate vortices?
Create downwash, energy transformed into a pair of strong, high-speed trailing vortices.
Stronger if low flying.
Slow air taxi or stationary hover: avoid operations within distances of ...... ?
3 times rotor diameter
Which aircraft category encounters the most wake accidents?
1. small
2. light
3. medium
4. heavy
During which flight phase the most wake accidents occur?
1. approach
2. take-off
3. manoeuvring
4. cruise
Name the wake turbulence categories incl. weight?
L – 7'000 kg or less
S – more than 7'000 kg up to 40'000 kg
M – more than 40'000 (7'000) kg, less than 136'000 kg
H – 136'000 kg and more
(J – A380 etc.)
What's special about A380 operations?
J – superheavy (H in flight plan)
- first contanct pilot use SUPER with call-sign
- all A380 departures require departure release
- wake turbulence caution to emphasise the A380 type
When are you not required to apply wake separation between arrival behind arrival on same runway?
Arrival behind arrival:
- for arriving VFR flights landing on same runway as preceeding landing HEAVY or MEDIUM aircraft
- between arriving IFR flights executing VISUAL APPROACH when the aircraft has reported preceeding IN SIGHT and has been instructed to follow and maintain OWN SEPARATION from that aircraft
- YOU SHALL ISSUE A WAKE TURBULENCE CAUTIONARY ADVISORY
In what cases do you have to issue a cautionary advisory?
1. Parallel runway less than 760 m away
2. Crossing runway when flight paths will cross
3. Arrival if it crosses flight path of a departure
4. Departure if it crosses flight path of arrival
5. Cautionary message for at least 2 minutes following passage of larger aircraft
When do parallel runways count as the same?
distance LESS THAN 760 m
Standard for same/parallel runways (same point of departure)?
2 minutes:
L behind M
L, S, M behind H
H behind A380
3 minutes:
L, S, M behind A380
Standard for crossing runways?
2 minutes:
L behind M
L, S, M behind H
H behind A380
(if projected flight path of second aircraft will cross projected flight path of first aircraft at same altitude or less than 1'000 ft below)
3 minutes:
L, S, M behind A380
A LIGHT VFR may be cleared for take-off behind a M aircraft if... ?
- take-off runs of both acft commence at threshold of the same runway
- LIGHT aircraft may reasonably be expected to lift off before the rotation point of the preceeding MEDIUM aircraft
- flight paths seperate immediately after take-off
- pilot of LIGHT acft is warned about possibility of wake turbulence
NOT AT OMEGA
Standard for same/parallel runways, intersection departure?
3 minutes:
L behind M
L, S, M behind H
H behind A380
4 minutes:
L, S, M behind A380
Standard for displaced landing threshold?
2 minutes:
departing L behind M landing
departing L, S, M behind H landing
arriving L behind M departure (if projected flight paths are expected to cross)
arriving L, S, M behind H departure (if projected flight paths are expected to cross)
3 minutes:
departing L, S, M behind A380 landing
arriving L, S, M behind A380 departure (if projected flight paths are expected to cross)
Standard for opposite direction?
2 minutes:
L opposite to M
L, S, M opposite to H
3 minutes:
L, S, M opposite to A380
to elapse before flight paths cross
What to you have to watch for regarding wake turbulences?
- calm wind conditions
- light cross or tail wind which could keep wake on runway
- wake turbulence drifting to another runway
What do you have to watch for regarding crossing runways?
Flight paths can cross also later!
Wake turbulence caution must be passed to all VFR aircraft operating close behind or through the flight path of a heavy or medium arrival within ... minutes.
2 minutes
Simple wake turbulence rule 1: all departures ...... ?
...require a time standard
Simple wake turbulence rule 2: all arrivals ...... ?
require a caution if flight path will cross or enter a heavier category flight path
Simple wake turbulence rule 3: crossing traffic ...... ?
require a caution if flight path will cross or enter a heavier category aircraft flight path and the aircraft can see the traffic to avoid the wake (if aircraft not sighted, ATC must provide in flight time standard)
What's the standard for helicopters?
Departure: same as acft (except departure after rwy 14 departure, NONE if flightpaths DON'T CROSS)
Arrival: 2 minutes for L behind M or S behind H departures (rwy 32 ONLY or rwy 14 if crossing flight paths)
RHP seperated from all runways EXCEPT...?
departing flights crossing a flight path
to W or S: 2 minutes if flight paths are expected to cross
What happens on RHP arrivals after rwy departures?
Caution only – for arriving flights crossing runway strip
