linguistics
lingustics lohmann arne
lingustics lohmann arne
Fichier Détails
| Cartes-fiches | 17 |
|---|---|
| Langue | English |
| Catégorie | Anglais |
| Niveau | Université |
| Crée / Actualisé | 24.01.2016 / 04.03.2021 |
| Lien de web |
https://card2brain.ch/box/linguistics3
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basic components of the speech and sound production system
- lungs
- larynx (voice box): Vocal folds glottis
- vocal tract (where speech sounds are shaped): nasal/oral cacivity
vocal folds
pair of membrans streched across the larynx
Egressive pulmonic air stream mechanism
mechanism that produces an air stream that is pushed up from the lungs and leaves the body through the mouth or nose
- egressive "towards the outside"
- pulmonic "from the lungs"
articulators
organs of speech
- active articulators-Moveable (lips, tongue, lower teeth..)
- passive articulators- non moveable (Alveolar ridge, upper teeth, hard palate, velum...)
vowels
are produced without obstruction of the air stream
consontans
are produced with an obstruction of the air stream
The classifications of consonants
- manner
- place
- voicing
Manner of articulation (consonants)
- stops/plosives (airflow is stopped/short moment of complete closure before it comes out)
[p], [t], [k] are voiceless plosives.
[b], [d], [ɡ] are voiced plosives.
[ʔ] is a glottal stop which is made in the throat.
- fricatives (continious air flow, airflow obstructed, only narrow passage which air can escape ->audible friction)
- affricates (stoppage of airflow, prolonged release with narrow opening-> audible friction)
- approximants (no complete closure, enough space for air to pass without audible frition)
- liquids
- glides/ semi vowels
- lateral vs. cenral
- nasals (air escapes through nose)
place of articulation (consonants)
where is a sound produced
bilabial (involving both lips <b>
alveolar (with an obstruction at the alveolar ridge) <d>
voicing (feel the construction)(consonants)
- vocal folds wide apart -> no vibration, normal breathing and voiceless sound
- vocal folds close enough to start vibrating when air passes through-> voiced
classification of vowels
almost always voiced, no obstruction but modulation of air stream
-> new criteria: The height of the body of the tongue (high/ low and front back dimension)
height og tongue
position in mouth
position of lips
vowel length
relative (vowels)
in relationship to one another (long means longer than the other ones)
height of tongue
REpresentation of vowels depending on where our tongue is, different vowels come out of our mouths (vowel quadrangle)
monophthongs
simple vowels
quality remains mostly constant throughout the pronunciation of sound
diphthongs
gliding vowels
change quality during articulation, i.e move from one vowel position to anonthr
sounds like 2 sounds but is only one symbol
- closing ( tongue gets closer, moves up): moves towards a high/close position towards the end of articulation
- centering (RP): moves towards a central position towards the end of articulation
differences between British and American English
- rhotic dialect (GA), Non-rhotic dialect (RP)- (no "R"); after a vowel, the r is not pronounced
- post-vocalic /r/, as in beer
- /ae/ before voiceless fricatives and nasals in GA
- the cot-caight merger in GA
phonology
system behind the sounds
study of:
- abstract categories that organize the sound of system
- sound inventory
- function and (mental) organization of the sound inventory
