Lab 10

Sutures, syndesmoses and gomphosis.

In sutures - the irregular edges of the boens interlock and are united by very short connective tissue fibers. Most joints of the skull are sutures. 

The articulating bones are connected by short ligaments of dense fibrous tissue; the bones do not interlock. The joint at the distal end of the tibia and fibula is an example of a syndemosis. Although 

The joint in which a tooth is secured in a bony socket by the peridontal ligament. 

The articulating bone ends are connected by a plate or pad of cartilage. No joint cavity is present. Most of them are slightly movable. 

Synchondroses and symphyses. 

(growing together) - the bones are connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage. The intervertebral joints between adjacent vertebral bodies and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis are symphyses. 

The bony portions are united by hyaline cartilage. The articullation of the coast cartilage of the first rib with the sternum is a synchondrosis, but perhaps the best examples of synchondroses are the epiphyseal plates in the long bones of growing children. These are totally ossified by adult hood. 

Joints in which the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid. All synovial joints are diarthroses, or freely movable joints. Their mobility varies, however; some synovial joints can move in only one plane, and others can move in several directions (multiaxial movement). Most body joints are synovial joints. 

- The joint surfaces are enclosed by a two-layered articular capsule (a sleeve of connective tissue), creating a joint cavity. 

- The inner layer is a smooth connective tissue membrane, calle dthe synovial membrane - which produces a lubricating fluid (synovial fluid) that reduces friction. The outer layer, or fibrous layer, is a dense irregular connective tissue. 

- Articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the surfaces of the bone forming the joint.

- The articular capsule is typically reinforced with ligaments and may contain bursae (fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction where tendons cross bones). 

- Fibrocartilage pads (articular discs) may be present within the capsule. 

Plane (nonaxial), Hinge (uniaxial), Pivot (uniaxial), Condylar (biaxial),  Saddle (biaxial), Ball-and-socket (multiaxial).

Articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved - these surfaces allow only gliding movements as the surfaces slide past one another. Examples: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, and joints between vertebral articular surfaces. 

(uniaxial) - the rounded or cylindrical process of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone, allowing movement in one plane, usually flexion and extension. Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints. 

Uniaxial - the rounded surface of one bone articulates with a shallow depression or foramen in another bone, permitting rotational movement in one plane. Examples: proximal radioulnar joint and the atlantoaxial joint (between the atlas and the axis C1 and C2)

Biaxial - the oval condyle of one bone fits into an ellipsoidal depression in another bone to allow movement in two planes, usually flexion/extension and abductions/adduction. Examples: wrist, metacarpophalangeal (kunckle) joints. 

Biaxial - articulating surfaces are saddle-shaped; one surface is convex and the other is concave. This type of joint permits movement in two planes - flexion/extension and abduction/adduction. Examples: carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs. 

The ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of another bone. These joints permit flexion/extension, abudction/adduction and rotation which combine t o allow movement in many planes. Examples: shoulder and hip joints. 

The origin - the stationary, immovable, or less movable attachment 

The insertion - the movable attachment. 

Body movements occur when muscles contract across diathrotic synovial joints. When the muscle contracts and its fibers shorten, the insertion moves toward the orgin. This type of movement depends on the construction of the joint and on the placement of the muscle relative to the joint. 

Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Rotation, Circumduction, Pronation, Supination, Dorsiflexion, Plantar flexion, Inversion, Exversion. 

A movement generally in the sagittal plane that decreases the angle of the joint and reduces the distance between the two bones. Generally it's typical of hinge joints but is also common at ball and socket joints. 

A movement that increase the angle of a joint and the distance between two bones or parts of the body. The opposite of flexion. If the extension proceeds beyound anatomical position it is called hyperextension. 

Movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body, generally on the frontal plane, or the fanning movement of fingers or toes when they are spread apart.

Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body or drawing the fingers or toes together - the opposite of abduction. 

Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis without lateral or medial displacement. Rotation a common movement of a ball-and-socket joint, and also describes the movement of the atlas around the dens of the axis. 

A combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction - commonly observed in ball and socket joints. The proximal end of the limb remains stationary and the distal end moves in a circle. The limb as a whole outlines a cone - condylar and saddle joints also allow circumduction. 

Movement of the palm of the hand from an anterior or upward-facing position to a posterior or downward-facing position. The distal end of the radius moves across the ulna so that the bones form an X

Movement of the palm from posterior postition to an anterior position (the anatomical position) the opposite of pronation - during supination the radius and ulna are parallel. 

One of the movements of the foot - a movement of the ankle joint that lifts the foot so that its superior surfaces approaches the skin.

Movement of the foot - a movement of the ankle joint in which the foot is flexed downward as in standing on one's toes or pointing it's toes. 

Movement of the foot - A movement that turns the sole of the foot medially. 

Movement of the foot - a movement that turns the sole of the foot laterally; the opposite of inversion. 

A.B. - cranial and facial bones

S.T - Fibrous; suture

F.T. - Synathroatic - no movement. 

A.B. - Temporal bone of the skull and mandible

S.T. - synovial; modified hinge (contains articular disc)

F.T. - Diarthrotic - gligind the uniaxial rotation; slight lateral movement, elevation, depression, protractions, and retraction of mandible.