Introduction to Neurobiology

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Karten	20
Sprache	English
Kategorie	Biologie
Stufe	Universität
Erstellt / Aktualisiert	19.12.2013 / 21.01.2017
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By which mechanism(s) is the undirectional conduction of nerve fibers guaranteed?

temporal summation

presynaptic inhibition

inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels

wrapping of nerve fibers by an insulating sheath

delayed activation of potassium channels

Which of the neurotransmitter receptors listed below exclusively evoke exitatory postsynaptic potentials?

NDMA-receptors

GABA(a-) receptors

glycin receptors

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

glutamate receptors

Which role does cyclic AMP play in heterosynaptic facilitation of the gill withdrawal reflex of Aplysia

cAMP activates a G-protein

cAMP is formed from ATP

cAMP directly phosphorylates a potassium channel

cAMP activates proteinkinase A

cAMP is not involved

Which of the following are completely correct statements?

during the absolute refractory period action potentials with a reduced amplitude ("size") can be measured

the signal strength in a nerve fiber is encoded by the frequency of action potentials

the resting membrane potential is exclusively generated by the activity of the NA+ K+ ATPase. It can be calculated by the Nemst equation

action potentials follow the all-or none-law. They are generated by a sodium inward current

in the spinal cord myellination of nerve fibers is performed by Schwann cells

By which mechanism(s) is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential formed in the case of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of heart?

by a G-protein coupled signaling cascade

by activation of the adenylylcyclase

by the opening of a potassium channel

by the opening of a chloride channel

by a postsynaptic calcium current

Which of the following statements are completely correct?

the nicotinic AChR consists of six subunits each of which possesses four transmembrane segments

exocyclosis of synaptic vehicles is initiated by the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels

voltage-gated potassium channels consist of four subunits

calcium binds to the vesicular protein sytaxin leading to the release of synaptic vesicles from microtubules

the voltage-sensor of a sodium channel resides in the second transmembrane segment

Which of these substances acts as an antagonist for neurotransmitting receptors?

nicotin

atropin

curare

acetylcholine

NDMA

By which molecular mechanisms is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential formed in the case of the GABAA-receptor?

by the opening of a chloride channel

by the opening of a potassium channel

by the activation of adenylylcyklase

by a postsynaptic calcium current

by a signal cascade dependent on g-proteines

What is the average conduction velocity in nerve fibres?

5-30 meters/hour

5-30 millimeters/second

5-30 meters/ second

What is meant by the term "absolute refractory period"? How is it caused?

After an Action Potential, a new AP cannot be initiated for approx. 1-2 msecs. The reason for this is that the Na+-Channels are inactivated due to strong depolarization and they are not reactivated until the current is sufficiently negative.

Which types of glial cells do you know? What are their main functions?

a) in the peripheral nervous system

b) in the central nervous system

a) - Schwanncells: responsible for myelination of the PNS and for regeneration

b) - Oligodendrocites: responsible for myelination of the CNS

- Astrocytes: responsible for the nutrition of nerve cells and for waste removal

- Microglial: responsible for waste removal and immune defense

Name four presynaptic proteins involved in the control of neurotransmitter release in a calcium dependent manner.

- Synaptotagmin

- Synaptobrevin

- Syntaxin

- Synapsin

Which role do calcium ions (Ca²+) play in synaptic transmission?

a) How do they enter the presynapse?

b) How is it caused?

- confirmational change of the protein synapsin -> ecocytosis

a) voltagegated calcium channels are openes by depolarization

b) depolarization

Which cell types other than nervecells can produce an Action Potential?

Skeletal muscle fibres

By which molecular mechanisms is an inibitory postsynaptic potential formes in case of the GABAA-receptor?

by the opening of a chloride channel

by activation of the adenylylcyclase

by the opening of a potassium channel

by a postsynaptic calcium current

Name the two major branches ( a) , b)) of the autonomic (=vegetative) nervous system. Describe their regulatory function using the heart as an example and indicate the postganglionic neurotransmitters involved.

a) Parasympathetic - its neurotransmitter is AcH acting on the heart muscle in an inhibitory manner.

b) Sympathetic - its neurotransmitter is noradrenalin acting on the heart muscle in an excitatory manner.