GIS III

Representation State Transfer

- DTD (Document Type Definition) and XML Schemas

- CSS

- XSLT & XPath

- DOM, SAX, JAXP --> XML APIs for XML parsing

- elements

- tags

- attributes

- entitles

- character data

Java Script Object Notation

Remote Procedure Call

Simple Object Access Protocol

Representational State Transfer

• Availability and Access
• Reuse (Wiederverwertung) and Redistibution
• Universal Participation: everyone use and redistribute

• complete (available and not subject to privacy restrictions)
• primary (unprocessed)
• timely (up-to-date)
• accessible
• machine-processable
• open to anyone
• non-proprietary (ungewerblich) formats
• license-free
• permanence (able to be found at any time)
• cost (no more than minimal)

1. information in the web, any format

2. structured data

3. non-proprietary formats

4. URI identification is used

5. Linked Open Data --> data is linked to other data

• Use URIs to denote (bezeichnen) things
• Use HTTP URIs à things can be referred to and looked up
• leverage standards such as RDF, SPARQL
• Include links to other related things when publishing data on the Web

• integrate data from many different sources à support decision making & transparency
• data for develeopers, that they can use and understand
• bring together different digital ecosystems

• Accuracy (represent real-world entities or events)
• Availability
• Conformance (Compliance to standards)
• Consistency (no contradictions)
• Credibility (origin)
• Processability (machine-readability)
• Relevance (enough?)
• Timeliness

I. Data are statements

II. Statements form a graph

III. Metadata are data

Ressource Description Framework

data model for representing information (especially metadata) about resources in the web

Uniform Ressources Identifiers (URI)

URI references

- handles statements about resources form diverse sources (provenance)

- modelling flexibility with graphs

- metadata included --> explore and query at the same time

“An organised collection of computer hardware, software, geographical data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyse and display all forms of geographically referenced information.” (ESRI)

• Acquisition of geographical information
• Representations of geographical information
• Use and communication of geographical information
• Cognitive Engineering
• Human participants testing
• Navigation and wayfinding, LBS
• Human computer interaction – user interfaces

active acquisition of knowledge about the self and the world through the senses

• guidance through space in response to local sensorimotor information in immediate surrounds à find support surfaces, avoid obstacles and barriers

• planning and decision-making undertaken to reach a goal
  à route choice, orientation

• Perceptual capabilities
• Information processing
• Previously acquired knowledge
• Motor capabilities

1. Landmark knowledge: salient (ausgeprägt) points
2. Route knowledge: sequence of landmarks
3. Survey (configurational) knowledge: locate landmarks and routes within a general frame of reference

• internal representations of the world and its spatial properties stored in memory (mental map)

- Different application tasks

- users of varying expertise

- Different degrees of interaction

                                                 interpretant (meaning)

       < perception, social processes >                  <cognition, mental processes>

sign vehicle (symbol)          < design process, generalisation >           referent (reality)

• evaluation of human visual processing of visual marks on a map
• Determination of visual limits, color issues
• Concerned with: immediate user response, external processes, observable behaviour
• Understanding dichotomy (Zwiespalt) between:
  map maker attempts to encode information
  map user decodes information
  physical limitations of visual systems

• Evaluation of human mental processing of map information that eventually leads to overt behaviour
• Concerned with: Longer-term behaviour, internal processes, non-observable behaviour

-->  How do people understand and acquire knowledge from maps

Graphic display designed such that it matches human’s internal visualization capabilities well

cognitively plausible graphic display that is able to augment people’s mental visualization capabilities for complex reasoning and problem solving in abstract domains.

• Develop new interaction methods (or even paradigms)

• Evaluate with user studies

  --> Usability Evaluation

• Extract general design rules

- Adapt known design rules

- Systematically integrate uability in the software development process --> Usability Engineering

- Evaluate usability of real systems --> Usability Evaluation

“the extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of user»