GIS III

Geographic context embedded in natural language descriptions, Recognising geographic references with Named Entity Recognition (NER) from Natural Language Processing (NLP).

e.g.: 20 km northeast of Vegas => W???° N??°

Geo-Parsing + Geo-Coding => recognise geographic references in natural language descriptions an get the location of them

Geographic Information Retrival, about 20 % of all Web-searches have a geographic context. => Find geo-specific resources on the Web:

Location Based Services, deliver information to user based on her current location. Eg. Navigation and information services, Emergency services, Field applications, Geoservices for mobile phones, ...

Subjectively weighted criteria, Integrating qualitative user preferences & multi-criteria decision analysis, Compensatory vs. non-compensatory decision rules (hard vs. soft rules), OWA (Ordered Weighted Averaging): Aggregate individual criteria to total evaluation score

(+) Information capture and updating (e.g., acquire location information), Dissemination: mobile devices can bring GIS in the hands of billions // (-) Storage, Analysis, Presentation

a) Bluetooth: For short-range communications (~10m), Application: communication between mobile device & GPC receiver, handset // 2) Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity), Typical range ~100m, Data transfer rate: ~10-54 MBps, Used to create WLAN (‘hot spots’), Limited spatial coverage // 3) Cellular networks, Type of radio network made up of radio cells, Each radio cell served by base station (fixed-location transceiver)., Cells cover different land areas. 3G: data transmission speeds up to 2 MBps; web surfing, video streaming, 4G: data transmission speeds up to 100 MBps

a sensor Web is a system of wireless, intracommunicating, spatially distributed sensors that are deployed to monitor and explore environments, A sensor Web is a Web-accessible network of sensors and archived sensor data that can be discovered and accessed using standard protocols and APIs.

Real-world objects (lights, cars, packages, etc.) are interlinked & connected to the

Internet. Location & status can be tracked. Network intelligent enough to self-organize information. Automatically respond to context, circumstances, or environment.

Service oriented approach

Enable interoperability not only within communities but between traditionally disparate communities!

Leverage benefits of open standards.

Styled Layer Descripto, XML Language, extends the WMS standard to allow user-defined symbolization and coloring of geographic feature and coverage data.

[catalog doesn't store meta data] (-) Select from 100s of nodes, Gateway has to wait until slowest node responds, Difficult to sort results consistently. (+) up to date at every time

[catalog harvests the information and stores them local] (+) Each search against all records. Easily sorted globally, High performance. Metadata directly published via online metadata form. (-) not totally up to date

a Web page or application that dynamically (≠ copy paste!) combines contents or functions from multiple Web sites: Live linkage to its sources!

a mashup where at least one of the contents/functions is georeferenced.

Prior to 2005: server-side (due to performance), Nowadays: browser-side (better performance, JavaScript API’s released from Google etc.)

Basemaps // Operational layers: your own data published as service, results of queries, etc., respond to user actions, e.g., mouse click // Tools: business logic, analytical functions

WebService: web servers, BSA: web browsers

WebServices: independent of programming languages, can be used with any language. BSA: dependent of specific programming languages. APIs (eg. JavaScript, Flex, Silverlight) need to be used with corresponding language

WebService: provide server-side functions, can operate databases, do not provide user interface or user interaction functions. BSA: provide browser-side functions, including user interface, user interaction, mouse control, brwoser-side logic, etc.

WebService: waiting to be called by browser-side API or other languages, BSA: usually encapsulate web services, especially RESTful Web services. Can call Web services based on user interaction, and let users use Web services without knowing it.

extracts information from unstructured Web content and transforms it into structured data

1) Quality: can vary enormously; uncertainty / error can be propagated // 2) Copyright & terms of use // 3) Stability of mashup application depends on stability of its sources. // 4) Security: enterprise mashups can involve confidential information

spatial data infrastructure. Geoportals reduce search time!

Sensor Observation Service.

Service um die Daten von den Sensoren zu erhalten und Sensoren zu steuern (Kamerarichtung)

Sensor Planing Service

Service um herauszufinden wo welche Sensoren sind und was sie können.

Sensor Alert Service

Service der Alarme der Sensoren speichert und wo man sich für Alarme anmelden kann.

Web Notification Service

Service provides asynchronous notification of sensor events (tasks, observation of phenomena).