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Lucila Falballa
Lucila Falballa
Kartei Details
| Karten | 360 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | Deutsch |
| Kategorie | Psychologie |
| Stufe | Grundschule |
| Erstellt / Aktualisiert | 02.01.2013 / 26.07.2022 |
| Weblink |
https://card2brain.ch/box/entwicklungspsychologie2
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| Einbinden |
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2. Physical changes 2.1 Puberty
- hormonal changes
- endocrine system (hypothalamus, pituitary gland [Hypophyse/Hirnanhangdrüse],gonads [Gonaden/Keimdrüsen = Hoden + Eierstock])
- increase of testosterone in boys and estradiol (Östradiol) in girls
- complex hormone-behavior link
2. Physical changes 2.1 Puberty
- pubertal growth spurt
– changing shoulder/hip ratio
2. Physical changes 2.1 Puberty
- timing and variation in puberty
– early vs. late maturation – boys: 10-13 years; girls: 9-15 years – historically increasingly earlier onset of puberty
2. Physical changes 2.1 Puberty
- timing and variation in puberty
– early vs. late maturation – boys: 10-13 years; girls: 9-15 years – historically increasingly earlier onset of puberty
2. Physical changes 2.1 Puberty body image (gender differences)
gender differences
2. Physical changes 2.2 The brain
• corpus callosum (Balken) thickens • further development of prefrontal cortex • maturation of the amygdala (Mandelkern)
2. Physical changes
2.3 Adolescent Sexuality
- development of sexual identity
– sexual orientiation – differences in sexual interest and activity
2. Physical changes
2.3 Adolescent Sexuality
- timing pattern of engaging sexual activity
a) 15-year olds who are virgins (Jungfrauen): 80% of girls, 70% of boys b) 17-year olds who had sexual intercourse (Geschlechtsverkehr): 45-72% of girls, 63-76% of boys (in different cultures)
2. Physical changes
2.3 Adolescent Sexuality
- missing coordination of sexual development and social/mental maturation
- problem of risky behavior
- missing coordination of sexual development and social/mental maturation
- problem of risky behavior (early sex, no contraceptives; keine Verhütungsmittel)
3. Issues in adolescent health
3.1 Nutrition and exercise
- increase in percentage of overweight adolescents (in US and Europe)
- increasing consumption of junk food (and less fruits and vegetables)
- decrease in frequency of physical exercise (Sport)
- • inadequate amount of sleep on school nights
3. Issues in adolescent health
3.2 Leading causes of death
accidents, homicide (Mord), suicide (Selbstmord)
[s. Chapter 10]
3. Issues in adolescent health
3.3 Substance use and abuse
- large proportion of adolescents using illicit drugs (illegale Drogen)
- risk for developing dependencies (e.g. after early alcohol abuse)
3. Issues in adolescent health
3.4 Eating disorders
- Anorexia nervosa
criteria:
- weight more than 85% under norm (DSM-IV) or BMI < 17.5 (ICD-10);
- intense fear of gaining weight; distorted body image
- less than 1% of adolescents involved (girls : boys = 10 : 1); 15% of these die
- starts in early adolescence
- influence of thin media stereotypes (like fashion models)
3. Issues in adolescent health
3.4 Eating disorders
- Bulimia nervosa
- repeated cycles of binge-and-purge (Heißhungerattacken-und-Erbrechen)
- about 1-2 % of women involved
- (girls : boys = 9 : 1)
- starts in late adolescence/early adulthood
- victims usually of normal weight
4. Adolescent cognition
4.1 Piaget’s formal operational stage
- fourth (and last) stage in Piaget’s theory (from about 11-12 years on)
4. Adolescent cognition
- evaluation of Piaget´s theory
– much more individual variation than assumed – ideal model (not all adults reach stage 4) – education can foster development – no strict stages, performance depends on tasks used
4. Adolescent cognition
4.2 Adolescent egocentricm
- heightened self-consciousness (Selbstbewusstsein) of adolescents
4. Adolescent cognition
4.3 Information Processing
- improvement in executive functioning
- time of increased decision making (but not always competent)
- development of critical thinking
1. Identity • parts of identity:
Vocational identity (berufsbezogen), political identity, religious identity, relationship and sexual identity, achievement identity, cultural identity, physical/body identity, interests, personality
1. Identity
- Erikson´s stage 5
- identity vs. identity confusion (Identität vs. Rollendiffusion)
- psychosocial moratorium (search for one’s identity)
1. Identity
- developmental changes
a. identity foreclosure (übernommene Identität) b. identity diffusion (Identitätsdiffusion) c. identity moratorium (Moratorium) d. identity achievement (erarbeitete Identität)
1. Identity
- transitional period of emerging adulthood
- family influences
- transitional period of emerging adulthood (Heranwachsende; 18-25 years old)
- family influences
- individuality (self-assertion and separateness; Selbstbehauptung und Abgrenzung)
- connectedness (mutuality and permeability; Gegenseitigkeit und Durchlässigkeit)
3. Peers
- friendships, functions
- functions (social needs): tenderness, companionship, social acceptance, intimacy, sexual relations
- development of close friends
3. Peers
- peer groups
- increasing pressure through peer standards
- forming of same-sex cliques (with 2-12, M = 5-6 persons)
- mutual interests
- jointly spent time
3. Peers
- dating and romantic relationships
- functions: recreation, status bulding, social learning, mate finding
- special problems of gay and lesbian youth
- influences of sociocultural contexts on dating
3. Peers
- empirical findings
- about 50% of 10th graders and about 75% of 12th graders had at least one romantic relationship (> 2 months)
- about 35% of 15-16 year olds and about 60% of 17-18 year olds had a dating relationship of more than 11 months
4. Culture and adolescent development 4.1 Cross-cultural comparisons
- some facts:
- 2/3 of Asian Indian adolescents accept their parents’ choice of a marital partner for them
- in the Middle East, many adolescents are not allowed to interact with the other sex, even in school
- street youth around the world engage in delinquency and prostitution for their economic needs
- youth in Russia are marrying much earlier than in the U.S. to legitimize sexual activity
- extensive increases in HIV infections in sub-Saharan youth
4. Culture and adolescent development 4.1 Cross-cultural comparisons
- roles of amily,culture etc.
- profound gender differences in different cultures
- different roles of families of origin (Herkunftsfamilie)
- different roles of peer groups
- rites of passage (from youth to adulthood)
4. Culture and adolescent development
- Ethnicity
- immigration type (Akkulturation)
- confound of ethnicity and socioeconomic status
5. Adolescent problems
- most frequent problems
(1) drug abuse (Drogenmissbrauch) (2) juvenile delinquency (Jugendkriminalität) (3) sexual problems (4) school-related problems (5) adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (6) depression (7) suicide (Selbstmord)
5. Adolescent problems
5.1 Juvenile Delinquency
- • about 2% in U.S. (FBI statistics; males : females = 3 : 1)
- • personality differences
5. Adolescent problems
5.1 Juvenile Delinquency
- causes of delinquency, negative identity
causes: – norms of lower-SES peeer groups – failing family support and monitoring – model learning – poverty (Armut), unemployment (Arbeitslosigkeit), alienation (Entfremdung) [10.16] – heredity
- negative identity (Erikson)
5. Adolescent problems
5.2 Depression and suicide
- rate of depression
- facts of depression
- increasing rate of depression (females > males)
possible factors for depression:
– transition into puberty and adulthood – family problems – missing peer support
5. Adolescent problems
5.2 Depression and suicide
- facts about suicide
- earlier bad experiences (e.g., physical or sexual abuse)
- missing support and emotional attachment
- pressure for achievement
- stressful circumstances (e..g, poor grades or breakup of a relationship)
5. Adolescent problems
5.3 Intervention/ prevention programs
- intensive individual attention (e.g., individual counselor)
- community-wide multiagency collaborative approaches (e.g., health campaign)
- early identification and intervention (e.g., preschool programs)
1. The transition from adolescence to adulthood
- becoming an adult
- key features (Arnett, 2006)
becoming an adult = emerging adulthood (18-25 years of age; Heranwachsende) key features (Arnett, 2006): 1. identity exploration (esp. in love and work) 2. instability 3. self-focused (little social obligations) 4. feeling in-between 5. age of possibilities
1. The transition from adolescence to adulthood
- markers of becoming an adult
– full-time job after end of school/college – economic independence (ca. 50% at age 25) – taking responsibility for oneself
2. Physical development 2.1 Physical performance and development
- peak of physical performance between 19 and 26 years of age
- decline in physical performance starts at 30 (e.g. sagging chins and protruding abdomens; hängende Wangen und Bauchansatz)
- sensory systems show first decrements at end of early adulthood
2. Physical development
2.2 Health
- twice the mortality rate of adolescents
- bad health habits from adolescence increase in early adulthood
- generally poor health lifestyle (diet, drugs, physical exercise, sleep, etc.)
- high rate of obesity (about 25% of young adults in U.S.)
2. Physical development
2.2 Health
- need for aerobic exercises (30 min/day)
– positive effects on physical and mental health – accomplished by only 1/5 of young adults
