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Fichier Détails
| Cartes-fiches | 360 |
|---|---|
| Langue | Deutsch |
| Catégorie | Psychologie |
| Niveau | École primaire |
| Crée / Actualisé | 02.01.2013 / 26.07.2022 |
| Lien de web |
https://card2brain.ch/box/entwicklungspsychologie2
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| Intégrer |
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development
- the pattern of movement or changes that starts at conception and continues through the human life.
life-span perspective (Baltes, 1987, 2003)
- development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual
- development involves growth, maintenance, and regulation
- development is co-constructed through biological, sociocultural, and individual factors
maximum lifespan vs. life expectancy (Lebenserwartung)
- Ein Mensch kann maximal 122 Jahre alt werden
- Die Lebenserwartung ist im Laufe der Jahre gestiegen, heute liegt sie in den USA bei 78 Jahren.
context
= historical, economic, social, and cultural factors
- normative age-graded influences
- normative history-graded influences
- non-normative life events
Some contemporary (zeitgenössiche) concerns
• health and well-being (Gesundheit) • parenting and education (Elternschaft und Erziehung) • sociocultural contexts and diversity • social policy (Sozialpolitik)
The nature of development
2.1 Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes
• biological (e.g., brain growth, motor skills, puberty) • cognitive (e.g., language, intelligence, problem solving) • socioemotional (e.g., social relations, emotions, personality)
The nature of development
2.2 Periods of development
developmental period
= time frame that is characterized by a certain feature
The nature of development
2.2 Periods of development
typically used age ranges
1. prenatal period (conception [Empfängnis] to birth, 9 months) 2. infancy (birth to 18-24 months; Babys, Kleinkinder) 3. early childhood (2 to 5-6 years; Vorschulkinder) 4. middle and late childhood (6 to 11 years; Schulkinder) 5. adolescence (10-12 to 18-22 years; Jugendliche) 6. early adulthood (ca. 20 to 40 years) 7. middle adulthood (ca. 40 to 60 years)
The nature of development
2.2 Periods of development
conceptions of age
- chronological vs. biological (health), psychological (adaptive capacities) and social age
The nature of development
2.3 Developmental Issues
• nature-nurture debate (Natur-Umwelt-Debatte)
• nature-nurture debate (Natur-Umwelt-Debatte) – importance of mutual (wechselseitige) dependencies
The nature of development
2.3 Developmental Issues
stability and change
- possibly shifting in the course of the lifespan
The nature of development
2.3 Developmental Issues
continuity and discontinuity
- gradual changes vs. stepwise development
3. Theories of development
3.1 Psychoanalytic theories
A. Sigmund Freud’s (1856-1939) theory
main assumptions:
- origin of problems in early experiences
- primary role of sexuality
- importance of unconscious processes [1.13]
- types of conflict resolution
+ 5 psychosexual stages of development
Theories of Development
1) Psychoanalytic Theories
- Freud
- Erik Eriksons psychosocial theory
2) Cognitive Theories
- Jean Piagets cognitive developmental theory
- Vygotskis sociocultural cognitive theory
- the information processing theory
3) Behavioral and social cognitive theories
- Burrhus Skinner’s (1904-1990) operant conditioning (behaviorism)
- Albert Bandura’s (1925- ) social cognitive theory
4) Ethological theories
- Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989)
- John Bowlby (1907-1990)
- Evolutionary psychology
5) Ecological theory
- Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005)
3. Theories of development
3.1 Psychoanalytic theories
Erik Erikson’s (1902-1994) psychosocial theory
- lifespan perspective of development
- 8 stages with unique developmental tasks (crisis) to be solved
3. Theories of development
3.1 Psychoanalytic theories
A. Sigmund Freud’s (1856-1939) theory
- 5 psychosexual stages of development
- Orale Phase
- Anale Phase
- Ödipale Phase
- Latenzphase
- Genitale Phase
Cognitive theories
- Jean Piaget’s (1896-1980) cognitive developmental theory
- role of cognitive schemata to understand the world
- assimilation and accomodation
- 4 qualitative stages of children’s cognitive development
Cognitive theories 2.Lev Vygotski’s (1896-1934) sociocultural cognitive theory
- impact of social interactions and culture
- learning to use inventions of a society (like language, mathematics etc.)
- gradual cognitive development
Cognitive Therories
3. The information-processing theory
- gradually increasing capacity for imformation processing
Behavioral and social cognitive theories
- Burrhus Skinner’s (1904-1990) operant conditioning (behaviorism)
- role of rewards and punishments to shape behavior
Behavioral and social cognitive theories
2.Albert Bandura’s (1925- ) social cognitive theory
- role of observational learning (imitation, modeling)
- cognitive representation of experiences and strategies
Ethological theories
- role of evolutionary background on learning and development
- Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989)
Ethological theories
- inherited background of behavior (e.g., imprinting; Prägung)
- critical periods for development
Ethological theories
- role of evolutionary background on learning and development
2. John Bowlby (1907-1990)
- role of infants’ attachment (Bindung) to their caregiver
- sensitive periods
Ethological theories
- role of evolutionary background on learning and development
3.Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology
3.5 Ecological theory
- Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005)
- several interacting environmental systems
4. Research in life-span development
4.1 Methods for collecting data
- observations (Beobachtung)
- survey and interview (Umfrage und Interview)
- standardized tests
- case study (Fallstudie)
- physiological measures
4. Research in life-span development
4.2 Research designs
- descriptive research
- correlational research
- experimental research
4. Research in life-span development#
4.3 Time-span of research
- cross-sectional approach (Querschnittdesign)
- cohort effects
- longitudinal approach (Längsschnittdesign)
- cross-lagged panel design (Kreuzkorrelation)
- experimental mortality (selective drop-out; sel. Stichprobenminderung)
- sequential design (Sequenzmodell; Schaie, 1965)
4. Research in life-span development
4.3 Time-span of research
cross-sectional approach (Querschnittdesign)
cohort effects
4. Research in life-span development
4.3 Time-span of research
- longitudinal approach (Längsschnittdesign)
- cross-lagged panel design (Kreuzkorrelation)
- experimental mortality (selective drop-out; sel. Stichprobenminderung)
4. Research in life-span development
4.3 Time-span of research
- longitudinal approach (Längsschnittdesign)
- experimental mortality (selective drop-out; sel. Stichprobenminderung)
- experimental mortality (selective drop-out; sel. Stichprobenminderung)
Zusammenfassung der Entwicklungsfaktoren
Zusammenfassung der Entwicklungsfaktoren
The evolutionary perspective
- Natural selection and adaptive behavior (Darwin, 1859)
- Evolutionary psychology: Importance of adaptation, reproduction, and „survival of the fittest“ also for psychological features (Buss, 2008)
The evolutionary perspective
Brain development
- extended childhood period in humans
- brain as a collection of task-specific modules
The evolutionary perspective
Ultimate vs. proximate goals
ultimatives vs. nahes ziel
The evolutionary perspective
Biogenetisches Grundgesetz (Haeckel, 1868)
- Menschliche Ontogenese baut auf phylogenetisch älteren Ontogenesen auf
The evolutionary perspective
Atavisms (Atavismen)
- body atavism (z.B. Schwimmhäue, Kiemenspalten, Milchleisten)
- behavior atavism (e.g. palmar grasp; Greif-/Klammerreflex)
The evolutionary perspective
Evaluation (Gould, 1981)
Biology does not dictate behavior, but possibly restricts range of possible behaviors.
Genetic foundations of development
2.1 The genetic process
- cells – chromosomes – DNA – genes
- about 20,000 to 25,000 human genes
- genetic expression = activity of genes to produce proteins
- activity can be turned on or off by various factors (epigenesis)
- genotype (genetic material) vs. phenotype (observable features)
- maturation (Reifung): universal, gene-caused unfolding of structures or functions
Genetic foundations of development
Chromosome- and gene-linked abnormalities
- chromosome abnormalities
- Down syndrome (extra copy of chromosome 21)
- sex-linked chromosome abnormalities (either extra X or Y chromosome or – in females – one X chromosome missing)
