Lernkartei Englisch (Seite 2 von 3)

Karten	95
Sprache	English
Kategorie	Englisch
Stufe	Universität
Erstellt / Aktualisiert	18.07.2014 / 11.01.2023
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Sociolinguistics:

Gender-neutral language

Don't use: workmanlike

Use: ???

skilful (workmanlike = fachgerecht, fachmännisch, ordnungsgemäß)

Sociolinguistics:

What is slang ?

Slang:

a lexicon of non-standard words or phrases in a language which are more typically used among those who are outside established higher-status groups
Words or phrases that are used instead of more everyday terms among younger speakers and other groups with special interests

Sociolinguistics:

What is register ?

Register:

conventional way of using language that is appropriate in a specific context.

Phonetics:

Components in the production of speech sounds (Catford, 2001)

What is Initiation?

A bellows-like, or piston-like, movement of an organ, that generates positive or negative airpressure adjacent to it in the vocal tract and thus initiates an egressive (outgoing) or ingressive (ingoing) flow of air

Phonetics:

Components in the production of speech sounds (Catford, 2001)

What is Articulation?

An organic posture or movement - most commonly in the mouth - that modulates the initiatory airflow in such a way as to generate a sound of some specific type

Phonetics:

Components in the production of speech sounds (Catford, 2001)

What is Phonation?

Vibration of the vocal cords, or the vocal folds in order to produce sounds

Phonetics:

How are vowels produced?

Vowels are produced by open vocal tracts (i.e. breath flows directly from the mouth).

Phonetics:

How are consonants described?

They are described by specifying voicing, location and stricture type
(e.g. voiced bilabial plosive)

Phonetics:

How are vowels described?

They are described by specifying the position of the tongue and lips
(e.g. close back unrounded vowel)

Language Acquisition:

Theoretical approaches in 1st Language Acquisition

How can language be acquired (Skinner, behaviourism)?

Language Acquisition through

association
imitation
reinforcement

Language Acquisition:

Stages of 1st language acquisition

1st few months
6-8 months
12-18 months
18-20 months
2-2,5 years old

1st few months
- cooing
  - producing sequences of vowel-like sounds
6-8 months
- babbling
  - production of different vowels and consonants
    (e.g. ba-ba-da-da)
12-18 months
- 1-word stage
  - "milk", "cookie", "cat"
    produced by children as a Version of "What's that"
18-20 months
- 2-word stage
  - "baby chair", "mommy eat", "cat bad"
    "baby chair" can be expression of possession or a request
2-2,5 years old
- telegraphic speech
  - "multiple-word" speech
    correct word order

Language Acquisition:

Second language acquisition (SLA)

What is the differnce between acquisition and learning?

Acquisition:

gradual development of ability by using a language naturally
--> subconscious process
communication is necessary
--> natural setting
language can be acquired, but not mathematics
--> procedural knowledge knowing how

Learning:

more conscious process of accumulating knowledge
--> conscious process
communication is not necessary
--> educational setting
both, language and mathematics, can be learned
--> declarative knowledge knowing that

Language Acquisition:

Output hypothesis (Swain 1995)

Canadian immersion classes showed good discourse skills but deficits in producing grammatical distinctions

Producing target language pushes learners to

practise
notice gaps in their knowledge
experiment with forms
analyse problems explicitly

Pragmatics:

What is pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning, or "invisible" meaning which means how we recognise what is meant even when it is not actually said or written..

Pragmatics:

Deixis (Levinson, 2006: 55-56)

1. Philosophical approaches

Under what circumstances are these statements true?

(a) "Letizia de Ramolino was the mother of Napoleon."

(b) "I am the mother of Napoleon."

(a) When that Letizia is identical to the Letizia who was Napoleon‘s mother, regardless who the speaker is

(b) depending on who the speaker is, details on the context neccesary to examine its truth

Pragmatics:

Deixis

1. Philosophical approaches

Compare:

1. "The man drinking champagne is David. "

2. "The man who can lift this stone is stronger than an ox. "

1. referential use

2. attributive use

Pragmatics:

Deixis

2. Descriptive approaches

Person, place and time

Deitic language?
Non-deitic language?

Deitic language:

Context is needed to understand deitic language.

Gestural usage vs symbolic usage (Fillmore, 1971)

Non-deitic language:

Context not needed to understand non-deitic lanugage.

Anaphroic vs non-anaphoric usages

Pragmatics:

Deitic language

Gestural usage:

e.g.

This one is genuine, but this one is fake.
He's not the duke, he is. He's the butler.

Pragmatics:

Deitic language

Symbolic usage:

e.g.

This city is really beautiful.
You can all come with me if you like.

Pragmatics:

Non-deitic language

Anaphoric usage vs. Non-anaphoric usage

Anaphoric usage (referring back)

e.g. John came in and he lit a fire.

Non-anaphoric usage (not referring back)

e.g. Oh, I did this and that.

Pragmatics:

Deixis

Pointing via language...

Person deixis

Pointing to things (it, this, these boxes) and people (him, them, those, idiots)

Spatial deixis

Pointing to a location (here, there, near that)

Temporal deixis

Pointing to a time (now, then, last week)

Pragmatics:

Reference...

- The act by which a speaker (or writer) uses language to enable a listener (or reader) to identify something

- Proper nouns, other nouns or pronouns can be used

- The reference of a word depends on the speaker

Pragmatics:

Inference...

- Additional information used by the listener to create a connection between what is said and what must be meant

- e.g. "Can I look at your Chomsky?"

- Chomsky (name of linguist) refers to Chomsky‘s book (name of things).

Pragmatics:

Presupposition...

What a speaker (or writer) assumes is true or known by a listener (or reader) can be described as a presupposition
- e.g. "Why did you arrive late?"
  Presupposition: You arrived late.
- " When did you stop smoking? "
  Presupposition:
  1. You used to smoke.
  2. You are no longer smoking.

Pragmatics:

Direct speech acts:

Did you eat the pizza?
Eat the pizza (please)!
You ate the pizza.

Structure → Interrogative
Function → Question
Structure → Imperative
Function → Command (request)
Structure → Declarative
Function → Statement

Phonetics:

Give phonetic transcription of:

book

/buk/ or /bʊk/

Phonetics:

Give phonetic transcription of:

lesson

/ˋlesn/

Phonetics:

Give phonetic transcription of:

hand

/hænd/

Phonetics: