Dialects In Contact 1-7, 9-11
Dialects In Contact
Dialects In Contact
Set of flashcards Details
| Flashcards | 181 |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Level | University |
| Created / Updated | 17.06.2011 / 27.05.2012 |
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(Diffusion + Globalisation)
1. Wave-Model diffusion
innovations, over time, radiate out from a central focal area reaching nearby locations before those at ever greater distances > spreading in a wave-like way (Trudgill 1986)
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
1. Wave-Model diffusion:
example
from London to East Anglia in England. slow, differences of fronter realisations of /a/ in 'cup'
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
2. Urban Hierarchy Diffusion
Innovations descend down a hierarchy of large city to city-large town-town...
>interactions in urban centres=greater, more frequent + effective for accommodation + transmission between urban-rural.
transportation networks links urban-rural > economic
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
2. Urban Hierarchical Diffusion:
example
(Kerswill)
diffusion of [f] and [v] for TH in Britain
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
Gravity Models
=formula to calculate the influence one city will have over another > accounts spread of innovation, which places get it sooner
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
Gravity Model:
example
(Trudgill 1983)
>predicted ranking of East Anglian urban centres with varying levels of /h/ dropping. > Norwich higher proportion than Lowestoft
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
3. Cultural Hearth Diffusion
a feature spreads to urban and rural within the cultural reach of that urban centre and only then spreads beyond
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
3. Cultural Hearth Diffusion:
example
-L vocalisation in Australia
-London affects cultural area within reach. after that area has been affected it spreads further.
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
4. Contrahierarchichal Diffusion
(rather rare)
innovations go up urban hierachiy, from rural to urban.
e.g. smoothing processes in rural north Norfolk diffusing southwards to urban centres in Suffolk > 'pure' /pjue/ to /pe:/
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
Problem with diffusion literature
-doesn't take into consideration already existing features > diffusion involves contact!
-influence of gender, class, social networks ... not examined yet
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
Gravity Models: problems
generalize too much!
-everyone using innovation has an equal chance passing it on, adopting it, has same conditions etc.
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
Dialect levelling vs Diffusion
-dial: erosion of local dialect features in favour of forms with wider social/geogr. currency
-Diff: geogr. spread of linguistic features from one place to another
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
Trudgill vs Stuart-Smith
-lexicon vs structure
-face2face communication
-exposure vs diffusion
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
Stuart-Smith's Glasgow project
relationships between:
-exposure to 'Media Cockney'
-use of TH fronting
-contact with English ppl
- attitudes to London accents
-ability to mimic London accents
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
Quotative BE LIKE:
study overview + questions
(York Study)
-defining variable = difficult
a)many different possible quotatives
b)do they mean the same?
>reported speech OR reported thought?
c)'like' also as non-quotative too
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
BE LIKE:
conclusion
-used more by females
-BE LIKE + think more common with 1st person, say =3rd person
-often used to report non-lexicalised sounds
>say rarely used for sounds
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
High Rising Terminals:
description and overview
uprise in non-question discourse e.g. story telling
-little known
-occurs low levels of older ppl in NZ+Aus
>assumed to be recent phenomenon
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
HRT: linguistic constraints, usage and spread?
-used across E-speaking world and other languages
-how rapid diffusion? TV?
>use on TV very low
>marketing
-softening-up role (Trudgill)
-structural features > face2face!
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Montgomery's 4 issues:
1. historical issues
what were the languages at the time of emigration?
(Koineisation: Theory)
role of standard English
-minority dialect, but not of the poor ppl > question of literacy!
(Koineisation: Theory)
Children's accommodation
-they are much better accommodaters than adults are
-they rationalise the poor, incomplete accommodation of their parents
