Dialects In Contact 1-7, 9-11

-move from diffuseness to focussing

-has SE dialect of English E.

-avoided some of the more stigmatized forms of London

-no distinctive 'local' accent but diff. from what was before

-city=demographically turbulent

1. Prekoine

2. Stabilisation

3. Expanded

4. Nativised

-forms are concurrently + incosistently used

-levelling + some mixing begun

-few forms emerged

some norms occured but not used for in-group communication

koine may become literary standard

when it becomes nativised, all functions of normal first language acquired

idea that language changes in same ways as years ago.

>sociall things have changed, context is different!

>literacy!

(Appalachian English in US)

-what do we need to know? > link App.Engl-Scottish-Irish?

=>4 issues

-now vs. past?

-detailed description needed, analysis of semantic + grammatical constraints

-influence of other dialects?

-relationship dialect-folk?

-effects of contact through written language?

-effects of koineisation + contact before, during + after?

1. historical

2. social factors, descriptive issues

3. data issues, methodological issues

4. analytical issues

-how was society structured?

-what sort of ppl went to US?

-how mobile were they?

-what language attitudes do they bring with?

-data: migration took place before recordings ...

-context of grammatical features?

-sufficient data?

-characterize style + socioling. features comparable?

at what point is there a link between the dialects?

The origins of New Zealand English

('Cockney transported' > migrants + convicts from London)

>systematic shift

-TRAP, DRESS raised + KIT centralised

-similar: vocalization of L, lowered FACE

-not similar: schwa in unstressed syllables

1. great similarity with AusE + Falkland Island E.

2. No exotic/unusual characteristics > most features found in other UK dialects

3. extreme uniformity of NZE+AusE

4. no 'divergent' dialects

>3+4=typical for initial stages of mixed colonial carieties

>degree of dialect diversity is in inverse proportion to historical depth

-mostly UK ppl + Scandinavian, Yugos, Holland ...

-social: range of ppl

argued: rather more skilled than UK, more male, more mobile than UK average

(Arnold 1981)

1. England

2. Scottland

3. Ireland

4. Australia

-compulsory education didn't exist > no universal institutional medium for children + locale where they're brought together

-low literacy level

-daily life revolved around survival

-less class-ridden

-'custom shedding'

-NZ involvement in WW1+2 > mobility

NZE is determined by:

a) process of koineisation

...working on...

b) British dialects brought by migrants in certain proportions

AND NOTHING ELSE!

-favours variants which are in a majority in dialect mix

-unmarked as opposed to marked

-acquired early by children

-socially neutral ones as opposed to those strongly stigmatized as belonging to a particular social/geographical grouping

pronunciation of MOUTH diphtong:

[ea] > [au]

1. Rudimentary levelling

2. extreme variability

3. further levelling

4. focussing

5. levelling

some features are absent from data

>/v-w/ in 'village'

-no dialects for children to acquire (no target dialect

-pick from adults + combine in new ways

-intra-individual variations

-inter-individual variations

-new, special variations e.g. centralised KIT

crystallisation of a more invariable + homogeneous variety > majority form favoured e.g. H retention

survival of unmarked forms

=a new form

e.g. /gad instead of /gud/ for 'good'

=when the new form begins to systematically embed itself in the language

=when innovation spreads to other ppl/places

-expansion diffusion

-relocation diffusion

spread of linguistic form from a core locality to neighbouring ones through everyday interactions with core and neighbouring localities e.g. from London to neighbouring cities

spread of linguistic forms from one place to another because the speakers of those forms move from one place to another

1. Wave-Model diffusion

2. urban hierarchy diff.

3. cultural hearth diff.

4. contrahierarchical diff.