Dialects In Contact 1-7, 9-11
Dialects In Contact
Dialects In Contact
Kartei Details
| Karten | 181 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | English |
| Stufe | Universität |
| Erstellt / Aktualisiert | 17.06.2011 / 27.05.2012 |
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https://card2brain.ch/box/dialects_in_contact_17_911
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(1st Dialect acquisition)
Schleef, Clarke & Meierhoff
-Poles in Edinburgh + London
-(ing) production
-patterns of locales match with Polish teens?
(1st Dialect acquisition)
Schleef, Clarke & Meierhoff:
Edinburgh Result
-same: Priming
-different: everything else
-frequencies of apical variant higher
(1st Dialect acquisition)
Schleef, Clarke & Meierhoff:
London result
-same: progressive dissimilation
-different: everything else
(1st Dialect acquisition)
Schleef, Clarke & Meierhoff:
Conclusion
>Polish teens already acquired a number of variations of native speaker's (ing)
(1st Dialect acquisition)
Schleef, Clarke & Meierhoff:
Evidence for systematising
involves emergence of some linguistically + cognitively predictable constraints + social constraints not found in native speakers
(Dialect Isolation)
Recap: Contact
weakening of social network ties > susceptibility to change
(Dialect Isolation)
Recap: Reroutinisation
-recreation of social life
-recreation of routines
>koineisation
(Dialect Isolation)
Recap: Accommodation
-generally imperfect
-adults not very good + very slow
(Dialect Isolation)
Recap: Koineisation processes
1. levelling
2. simplification
3. reallocation
4. interdialect
(Dialect Isolation)
Recap: Levelling
-dominant process in western Europe
-unmarked forms > marked
e.g. vowels less marked than consonants /wi:l/ - /wi:u/
(Dialect Isolation)
Recap: Milroy about social networks
the stronger + denser social networks are, the more likely the community is to retain their dialect
(Dialect Isolation)
Social networks in isolated communities, characterisation
-not necessarily rural dialects
-communities not necessarily geographically isolated
-very few non-natives
-dense, multiplex, encouraging resistance to changes from outside
(Dialect Isolation)
Multiplex Relations
several relations between each other e.g. live in same street, work for same employer etc.
(Dialect Isolation)
Trudgill 1989
-non-natives influence the talk of natives
-balance in favour of non-natives > in ISOLATED situations balance in favour of natives
(Dialect Isolation)
Barriers to non-natives
1. restricted code
2. morphological irregularities
3. high paradigmatic redundancy
4. low morphological transparency
(Dialect Isolation)
Restricted code
-"the tray" > insiders.
-things only known by a special, familiar community. information doesn't need to be expresses but inadequate information for outsiders.
>found in tight-knit, isolated communities with little contact with outsiders
(Dialect Isolation)
2 types of redundancy
1. syntagmatic redundancy
2. paradigmatic redundancy
(Dialect Isolation)
Syntagmatic redundancy
-repetition of information in morphosyntax (plural form -s, gender etc.)
>helps non-native speakers
(Dialect Isolation)
Paradigmatic redundancy
-existence of gramm. differences/endings/conjugation
>high amount, carry no useful information but problem for non-natives
>has to be recognized to be fully understood
>often lost/simplified in contact situation
(Dialect Isolation)
morphological transparency
level of correspondance between a grammatical category and what it expresses
tooth + doctor = dentist > low
Zahn + Arzt = Zahnarzt > high
(Dialect Isolation)
Fast speech phenomena
-hard to learn for non-natives but easier + faster for natives
-less explicit information e.g. t/d deletion
-Trudgill 1995: more likely in isolated, close networks with few non-native speakers
(Dialect Isolation)
Do-Conjunctions
Rural dialect of Norfolk English:
-developed as a result of fast speech phenomena + strong social networks
(What is the Problem?)
Problems
-studies before recognition of importance of contact
-urban fetishism
-recognition of the problem (Horvath, Fox)
-social networks, stability, contact + mobility
(What is the Problem?)
Traditional dialectology
-scared of mobility, it's making dialect impossible
-serves as historical baseline for later studies
(What is the Problem?)
Traditional dialectologists:
Data collection
-Questionnaire
-non-mobile
-men
-old
-rural
=NORMS
(What is the Problem?)
Sociolinguistic dialectologists:
Early 1960s
-quantitative revolution
-technological advances
-'discovery' of social problems in cities
-rise of social equality movements, gender movements
-move to big cities (Labov, Trudgill, Riley...)
(What is the Problem?)
Sociolinguistic dialectologists:
Research questions
-how does language change?
-how examine change in progress while it's happening?
-language variation messy or structured?
(What is the Problem?)
Sociolinguistic dialectologists:
Data collection
-ignored very young + old > took from middle
-WOMEN as well
-only natives (Labov excluded older than 8 in NY, Trudgill excluded completely)
-close-knit urban communities (due to Labov)
(What is the Problem?)
Urban fetishism:
urban places
(urban dialectology)
-best places to look at for language diversity
-many conflicts, contact, change, complexity, variation
(What is the Problem?)
Urban fetishism:
rural places
-insular
-isolated
-static
-idylls of peace, security + tranquility
(What is the Problem?)
Urban fetishism:
Conclusion idea
to demonstrate structure + order in a heterogeneous language situation, look at large, dynamic, messy cities
(What is the Problem?)
Marshall 2004
urban vs rural traits
(What is the Problem?)
Marshall 2004:
urban traits
-detachment of family + work
-no need to associate with neighbours
-solidarity with co-workers against boss + managers
(What is the Problem?)
Marshall 2004:
rural traits
-no sharp distinction work / leisure
-participation in local clubs w. friends
-ideology of mutual responsibility > harmony
-Independence
-Co-operation
-"Dörfligeist"
(What is the Problem?)
Mental urbanisation index
(Marshall 2004, Aberdeen + Iverness)
certain social behaviours:
-"keep up with city fashion"
-"important to own a pc"
(What is the Problem?)
Mobilities Paradigm
(Malkki 1992)
-mobility is seen as a threat, disorder in the system, a thing to control
-threat to rooted, moral, authentic existence of a place
-mobility is unevenly distributed
(What is the Problem?)
British 20th century:
mobilities
-commuting (middle class, have 2 or more cars)
-increase in public + private transportation
-geogr. reorientation of consumption behaviours (shopping malls out of town)
-Increase in mobile + flexible working (internet=work at home)
-increasing urbanization
-expansion in uptake of higher level of education
(What is the Problem?)
British 20th century:
urbanisation
-New Town formation
-shift 1+2 > tertiary sector employment
-increasing geographical elasticity of family ties
-increasing counterurbanisation
(What is the Problem?)
British 20th century:
counterurbanisation
-shift: city > countryside
-white ppl
-wealthies + most skilled
-all age groups except 16-24 (study, work, exciting life)
(What is the Problem?)
Traditional dialectology:
Ellis 1889
dialect + mobile ppl don't go together. you can't find any traditional dialect forms among them
