Dialects In Contact 1-7, 9-11
Dialects In Contact
Dialects In Contact
Kartei Details
| Karten | 181 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | English |
| Stufe | Universität |
| Erstellt / Aktualisiert | 17.06.2011 / 27.05.2012 |
| Weblink |
https://card2brain.ch/box/dialects_in_contact_17_911
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(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Milton Keynes
(Kerswil & Williams)
-Begun in late 1960s
-only small pre-existing community
>what happened as the new dialect formed?
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
MK: migrant origins
1. London
2. primary South-East of England
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
MK: Levelling varieties
-dominated by SE varieties of English
-h-dropping
-l-vocalisation
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
MK: Study method, data, what has been looked at?
-3 age groups of children + their primary caregivers in working class area of city
-4 styles > elicit particular words (quiz, naming, retelling story, reading list) + interview
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
MK: Evidence of koineisation
-simplification: loss of allophonic contrasts
-researchers looked to phonology
-Roland-roling split being erased
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
MK: Levelling, influence of London features?
Majority > maj.ling. features
- marked regional forms in the mix disfavoured > very few salient London features adopted
>MOUTH vowel = almost always diphtong
>qualities not as extreme as in London
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
MK: conclusion, dialect origins, influence of London?
-move from diffuseness to focussing
-has SE dialect of English E.
-avoided some of the more stigmatized forms of London
-no distinctive 'local' accent but diff. from what was before
-city=demographically turbulent
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Stages of creating a New Town Koine
1. Prekoine
2. Stabilisation
3. Expanded
4. Nativised
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
1. Prekoine, use of forms?
-forms are concurrently + incosistently used
-levelling + some mixing begun
-few forms emerged
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
2. Stabilisation
some norms occured but not used for in-group communication
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
3. Expanded
koine may become literary standard
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Stages of creating a new koine:
4. Nativised
when it becomes nativised, all functions of normal first language acquired
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Uniformitarian Principle
idea that language changes in same ways as years ago.
>sociall things have changed, context is different!
>literacy!
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Montgomery 1992: Study
(Appalachian English in US)
-what do we need to know? > link App.Engl-Scottish-Irish?
=>4 issues
-now vs. past?
-detailed description needed, analysis of semantic + grammatical constraints
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Montgomery 1992: Questions?
-influence of other dialects?
-relationship dialect-folk?
-effects of contact through written language?
-effects of koineisation + contact before, during + after?
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Montgomery 1992:
4 issues
1. historical
2. social factors, descriptive issues
3. data issues, methodological issues
4. analytical issues
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Montgomery's 4 issues:
3. social factors, descriptive issues
-how was society structured?
-what sort of ppl went to US?
-how mobile were they?
-what language attitudes do they bring with?
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Montgomery's 4 issues:
2. Data, methodological issues
-data: migration took place before recordings ...
-context of grammatical features?
-sufficient data?
-characterize style + socioling. features comparable?
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Montgomery's 4 issues:
4. Analytical issues
at what point is there a link between the dialects?
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Trudgill 1986
The origins of New Zealand English
('Cockney transported' > migrants + convicts from London)
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
NZE: vowel differences + features
>systematic shift
-TRAP, DRESS raised + KIT centralised
-similar: vocalization of L, lowered FACE
-not similar: schwa in unstressed syllables
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
6 characteristics of levelled varieties (in NZE)
1. great similarity with AusE + Falkland Island E.
2. No exotic/unusual characteristics > most features found in other UK dialects
3. extreme uniformity of NZE+AusE
4. no 'divergent' dialects
>3+4=typical for initial stages of mixed colonial carieties
>degree of dialect diversity is in inverse proportion to historical depth
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
NZE: who came from where?
-mostly UK ppl + Scandinavian, Yugos, Holland ...
-social: range of ppl
argued: rather more skilled than UK, more male, more mobile than UK average
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
NZE: demographic origins
(Arnold 1981)
1. England
2. Scottland
3. Ireland
4. Australia
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Social structure of 19th century NZ
-compulsory education didn't exist > no universal institutional medium for children + locale where they're brought together
-low literacy level
-daily life revolved around survival
-less class-ridden
-'custom shedding'
-NZ involvement in WW1+2 > mobility
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Trudgill's determinism hypothesis of NZE
NZE is determined by:
a) process of koineisation
...working on...
b) British dialects brought by migrants in certain proportions
AND NOTHING ELSE!
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
NZE: Levelling
-favours variants which are in a majority in dialect mix
-unmarked as opposed to marked
-acquired early by children
-socially neutral ones as opposed to those strongly stigmatized as belonging to a particular social/geographical grouping
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
NZE: levelling example
pronunciation of MOUTH diphtong:
[ea] > [au]
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Trudgill's deterministic model
1. Rudimentary levelling
2. extreme variability
3. further levelling
4. focussing
5. levelling
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Trudgill's deterministic model:
1. Rudimentary Levelling
some features are absent from data
>/v-w/ in 'village'
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Trudgill's deterministic model:
2. Extreme variability
-no dialects for children to acquire (no target dialect
-pick from adults + combine in new ways
-intra-individual variations
-inter-individual variations
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Trudgill's deterministic model:
3. Further Levelling
-new, special variations e.g. centralised KIT
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Trudgill's deterministic model:
4. Focussing
crystallisation of a more invariable + homogeneous variety > majority form favoured e.g. H retention
(Koineisation: Case Studies)
Trudgill's deterministic model:
5. Levelling
survival of unmarked forms
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
Innovations
=a new form
e.g. /gad instead of /gud/ for 'good'
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
Change
=when the new form begins to systematically embed itself in the language
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
Diffusion, 2 ways
=when innovation spreads to other ppl/places
-expansion diffusion
-relocation diffusion
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
Expansion diffusion
spread of linguistic form from a core locality to neighbouring ones through everyday interactions with core and neighbouring localities e.g. from London to neighbouring cities
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
Relocation diffusion
spread of linguistic forms from one place to another because the speakers of those forms move from one place to another
(Diffusion + Globalisation)
4 ways of diffusing
1. Wave-Model diffusion
2. urban hierarchy diff.
3. cultural hearth diff.
4. contrahierarchical diff.
