Anatomy Lab 8

it is a ruptured disc. Generally the anulus fibrousus commonly ruptures, and the nucleus pulposus protudes through it. This even typically compresses adjacent nerves causing pain. 

Skeleton - axial - veretebral colum; The thoracic and sacral curtvatures of the spine - which are present and well developed at birth. 

Skeleton - axial - veretebral colum; The thoracic and sacral curtvatures of the spine - which are present and well developed at birth. 

Skeleton - axial - Vetebral column; Cervical curvatures - becomes prominent when the baby begins to hold its head up independently. Lumbar curvatures - develops when the baby begins to walk. 

Skeleton - axial - vetebral column - vetebra; rounded central portion of the vertebra, which faces anteriorly in the human vertebral column. 

Skeleton - axial - vetebral column - vetebra; rounded central portion of the vertebra, which faces anteriorly in the human vertebral column. 

Skeleton - axial - vetebral column - vetebra; Composed of pedicles and laminae, it represents the junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body. 

Skeleton - axial - vetebral column - vetebra; opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch; a conduit for the spinal cord. 

Skeleton - axial - vetebral column - vetebra; Two lateral projections from the vertebral arch. 

Skeleton - axial - vetebral column - vetebra; single medial and posterior projection from the verebral arch. 

Skeleton - axial - vetebral column - vetebra; paired projections lateral to the verebral foramen that enable articulation with adjuacent vertebrae. The superior articular processes typically face toward the spinous process (posteriorly), wheras the inferior articular processes face (anteriorly) away from the spinous process. 

Skeleton - axial - vetebral column - vetebra; The right and left pedicles have notches on their inferior and superior surfaces that create openings, the intervertebral foramina, for spinal nerves to leaave the spinal cord between adjacent vertebrae. 

- The seven cervical vertebrae (c1 through c7) form the neck portion of the vertebral colum. 

- They are highly modified to form special functions. 

- C1 - Atlas - lacks a body, and its lateral processes contain large concave depressions on their superior surfaces that receive the occipital condyles of the skull. 

- C2 Axis - acts as a pivot point for the rotation of the skull, allows the head to nod yes. It bears a large vertical process, the dens, that serves as the pivot point. The articulation between C1 and C2 allows you to nod your head no. 

- C3 - C7 are more typical

The first vertebrae - C1 - of the vertebrael column, lacks a body and its lateral processes contain large concave depressions on their superior surfaces that receive the occipital condyles of the skull. 

C2 - the second vertebrae of the vertebral column, acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas (and skull) above. It bears a large vertical process, the dens, that serves as a pivot point. This allows you to nod your head yes, and the articulation between c1 - and c2 allows you to nod your head no. 

They are different for lumbar vertebrae in the following ways: Smallest, lightes vertebrae, and the foramen is triangular. The spinous process is short and often bifurcasted (divied into two branches). The spinous process of C7 is not branched, however, and is substantially longer than that of the other cervical certebrae. Because the spinous process of C7 is visible through the skin, it is called the vertebra prominens and is used as a landmark for counting vertebrae. Transverse cervical vertebrae are wide, and they contain foramina through which the vertebral arteries pass superiorly on their way to the brain. Any time you see these foramina in a vertebra, you can be sure that it is a cervical vertebra. 

- 12 vertebrae termed as T1 - T12. 

- Larger body than cervical vertebrae. 

- body is somewhat heart shaped, with two small articulating surfaces called costal facets on each side close to the orgin of the verebral arch. Sometimes called costal demifacets because of their small size - they articulate with the heads of corresponding ribs. 

- Foramen is oval and round

- the spinal process is long with a sharp downward hook. 

- The closer to the lumbar region the less sharp and shorter the spinous process. 

- Articular facets on the transverse processes articulate with the tubercles of the ribs. 

- Also form the posterior aspect of the bony thoracic cage. 

- the only vertebrae that articulate the ribs. 

- five vertebrae L1 through L5. 

- massive blocklike bodies and short, thick, hatchet-shaped spinous processes extending directly backward. 

- Superior articular facets face postermoedially; the inferior ones are directed anterolaterally. Reduce the mobility of the lumbar region. 

- Sturdiest of the vertebrae. 

A composite bone formed from the fusion of five vertebrae. Superioly it articulates with L5 and inferiorly it attaches to the cocyx. 

Skeleton - Axial - Vertebral colum - sacrum; a remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae. 

Skeleton - Axial - Vertebral colum - sacrum; A winglike structure formed by fusion of the transverse processes, articulate laterally with the hip bones. The sacrum is concave anteriorly and forms the posterior border of the pelvis. 

Four ridges cross the anterior part of the sacrum, and sacral foramina are located at either end of these ridges. These foramina allow blood vessels and nerves to pass. 

The vertebral canal contanues inside the sacrum as the sacral canal and terminates near the coccyx via an enlarged opening called the sacral hiatus. 

The anterior border fot he body of S1 is an important anatomical landmark for obstetricians. 

formed from the fusion of three to five small irregularly shaped vertebrae. IT is literally the human tailbone, a vestige of the tail that other vertebrates have. The coccyx is attached to the sacrum by ligaments. 

Skeleton - Axial - Throacic cage; consists of the bony thorax, which is composed of the sternum, ribs and the thoracic vertebrae, plus costal cartilages. Its cone-shaped, cagelike structure protects the organs of the thoracic cavity, including the critically important heart and lungs. 

Skeleton - Axial - Throacic cage; The breast bone is a typical flat bone and a result of the fusion of three bones - the manubrium, body and xiphoid process. 

Skeleton - Axial - Throacic cage - sternum; Supermost portion of the sternum, looks like the knot of a tie and articulates with the clavicle laterally. 

Skeleton - Axial - Throacic cage - sternum; Forms the bulk of the sternum. 

 Skeleton - Axial - Throacic cage - sternum; constructs the inferor end of the sternum and lies at the level of the fifth intercostal space. Although it is made of hyaline cartilage in children, it is usually ossified in adults. 

Underlying physical trauma to the chest can push such a xipoid into the underlying heart or liver, causing massive hemorrhage. 

Skeleton - Axial - Throacic cage - sternum; Jugular notch, sternal angle and the xiphisternal joint. 

Skeleton - Axial - Throacic cage - sternum; Concave upper border of the manubrium can be palpated easily; generally it is at the level of the third thoracic vertebra.