2S_Englisch Vocabulary - Economics/Marketing

the difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a good or service relative to its market price //// Users of services enabled by personal location data can capture $600bn in consumer surplus.

the products people buy for their own use //// Prices of a wide range of consumer goods, including watches, televisions and transistor radios, are being reduced by up to 20 percent.

the likelihood that economic changes in one country will spread to other countries //// The OECD suggested that Austria needed to strengthen its banking sector, which it said was prone to considerable contagion risks. *financial contagion

the right that someone has to control the production and selling of a book, play, film, photograph, piece of music, etc. for a period of time //// Illegitimate or simply unnecessary copyright claims are, unfortunately, commonplace in the Internet era.

a person employed to write the words for advertising material //// I'm often asked what a freelance copywriter really does. * an advertising copywriter

something which is given, needed, or lost in order to get a particular thing //// The cost of attending college has indeed increased more quickly than inflation in recent years.

a process of comparing the costs involved in doing something to the advantage or profit that it may bring //// Early education for low-income children is estimated to generate $4 to $11 in benefits for every dollar spent on the program, according to a 2011 cost-benefit analysis.

a voucher that can be used to get a discount or to get something free //// Please fill in and return the attached coupon. * This is a coupon for £2 off the price of a meal. * to collect/redeem a coupon

an economic condition in which investment capital is difficult to obtain //// The ECB moved aggressively to head off a recession and credit crunch in the euro area.

the practice of selling a different extra product to someone who is already buying from a company //// Cross-selling to clients who are already satisfied with your services is the most cost-effective way to grow your firm.

a concept in which increased public sector spending causes private sector spending to decrease //// The Budget Office projected Government health programs would eat up to 10.4 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product, crowding out many other vital programs.

the total amount of paper currency, coins, and demand deposits held by consumers and businesses rather than by financial institutions //// There has never been more American currency in circulation, and the amount keeps growing.

a person or organization who buys goods or services //// Supermarkets use a variety of tactics to attract and retain customers. * The customer is always right. * customer care/service * customer loyalty/satisfaction * a customer profile * an awkward/tricky/tough customer * a potential/regular customer * the best/biggest/largest customer

a financial burden that is so large that an organization cannot take on additional debt to finance future projects //// A period of modestly higher inflation would help reduce private debt overhang.

a measure of a country's federal debt in relation to its gross domestic product (GDP). //// The difference in median economic growth rates was only 0.4 percentage points between countries whose public-debt-to-G.D.P. ratio was between 60 percent and 90 percent.

the failure to pay interest or principal when due //// A study by the Institute for Higher Education Policy found that for every borrower who defaulted, at least two more borrowers were delinquent in their payments.

a general decline in prices //// Vending machines are also a symbol of Japan’s big economic problem: deflation. *debt deflation

a consumer's desire and willingness to pay a price for a specific good or service //// The mining company reported a drop in profit because of weaker worldwide demand. *demand curve; *demand price

(relating to) a group customers who are similar in age, social class,… etc //// This demographic (young teenagers) is the fastest-growing age group using the site. * demographic change * the 18-30/21-40, etc. demographic

an occasion when someone shows or explains how something works or how to do something //// Let me give you a practical demonstration of how the camera works. * a demonstration model * a sales demonstration * by way of demonstration

protection provided to depositors against risk of loss arising from failure of a bank or other depository institution //// The country’s new leadership is preparing to introduce bank deposit insurance as the first step in financial reforms to be started soon.

a downward adjustment to a country's official exchange rate //// The unexpected increase in G.D.P. shows that you can increase export competitiveness even without the option of a devaluation. *internal devaluation

(to make) a reduction in the usual price of something //// The retailer offers a 5% discount on first-time orders. * Games were discounted to as little as £5. * a discount fare/price/shop * a cash discount * at a discount * to get/give a discount

an interest rate that an institution is charged to borrow short-term funds directly from a reserve bank //// The bank's discount rate will be raised Friday by one percentage point, to 8.5 percent.

the situation in which the rate of a country's prices decrease, or do not increase as quickly as before //// Economists said that the latest consumer price data showed “broad-based disinflation.

(an electronic device) to show information in visual form //// Retailers should display delivery times and costs on their websites. * display material * a large display screen * to be on display

the amount of money that households have for spending and saving after taxes //// The disposable income of families in the middle of the income distribution shrank by 4 percent between 2000 and 2010

(to have) a serious argument or disagreement, especially over a longer period of time //// The dispute will have to go to arbitration. * He disputed claims that the drug had not been adequately tested. * a dispute over/with * to be hotly disputed * to be open to dispute * to resolve/settle a dispute

to supply goods to shops and companies from one central place //// The company aims eventually to distribute its products throughout the European Union. * The books will be distributed free to local schools.

the process of supplying goods to shops and companies from one central place //// Has the Channel Tunnel improved the distribution of goods between the British Isles and mainland Europe? * distribution costs/systems * a distribution agreement/centre/network * sole distribution

a risk management technique that mixes a wide variety of investments within a portfolio //// The diversification has helped the company weather the harsh downturn better than its peers. *equity diversification; *portfolio level diversification

from or in one's own country //// Factory activity expanded for the first time in four months as domestic demand rebounded. *domestic producer; *domestic price

a situation in which two companies own all or //// The mobile service industry is dominated by the nearly all of the market for a given product or service virtual duopoly of Verizon Wireless and AT&T *duopolist

to appear in public, saying that you use and like a particular product //// They paid $2 million to the world champion to endorse their new aftershave.