2S_Englisch Vocabulary - Economics/Marketing

a situation where the economy as a whole improves, but the unemployment rate remains high //// Politicians are starting to view offshore outsourcing as the root of the jobless recovery in tech and services.

the total number of people employed or seeking employment in a country or region //// An increasing percentage of the labour force is now unemployed. * a labour force participation rate * a skilled/unskilled labour force * to drop out of/enter the paid labour force

the measurement of the amount of goods and services produced by one hour of labor //// The International Labor Organization reported that the US had the highest labor productivity — measured as economic output per employed person — of any country in 2008.

(an event) to celebrate or introduce a new product //// How much champagne will we need for the launch of the new model? * The company hopes to launch the new drug by next October. * a launch date/party * a product launch

a printed piece of paper, usually free and containing advertising material or information //// Pick up a free leaflet from your local post office. * an information/in-store/promotional leaflet * a leaflet on * to hand out leaflets

a countries central bank that offers loans to banks or other eligible institutions that are experiencing financial difficulty or near collapse //// The Swiss National Bank acts/functions as a lender of last for the entire "CHF currency area" (Switzerland and Liechtenstein).

(to use) borrowed money to buy an investment or company stock //// The bank was asked to improve its capitalization and reduce its leverage. * The money could be used to leverage millions of additional dollars. * debt/financial/loan leverage * high/heavy leverage * a leveraged buyout

to give somebody formal permission to make sell or use a product //// Can we agree to a two-year licence, with the possibility of an extension? * They licensed the firm to produce the drug in the US. * a licence agreement/fee/holder * a licence for/to do something * to apply for/acquire a licence * to grant/issue/renew a licence * under licence * without a licence

easily convertible to cash. //// Mr. Gerber, whose financial management firm is based in Columbus, Ohio, said he believed that assets that are liquid, have low volatility and generate income were generally an entrepreneur’s best bet. *liquid asset

a situation in which prevailing interest rates are low and savings rates are high, making monetary policy ineffective. //// Japan slid into a liquidity trap: despite expansive monetary policy, lending and growth remained low.

a sum of money given to a borrower and typically repaid with interest //// The hedge fund manager J. Kyle Bass has recently been buying the company’s secured loans, according to Bloomberg News. *loan-backed securities

an official design or symbol used by a company to advertise its products //// The Apple logo is pictured at the company's flagship retail store in San Francisco. * a corporate logo

the tendency for an individual to prefer avoiding losses rather than accruing gains //// Hong Kong, where investors display high levels of loss aversion, has larger inflows and outflows from mutual funds.

an article that is sold at a loss to attract customers //// Historically, Google has looked at absolutely everything it does besides search as a loss leader.

a fixed amount of taxes assessed equally on all taxpayers regardless of their income level. //// 27,000 SMEs were charged with a moderate lump-sum tax. * The lump-sum tax can be paid for one to thirty subsequent days.

the posting of advertisements or information that a company sends to many people at one time //// We're sending out a mailshot telling our customers about our new products. * You can’t send mass mailing from an email account hosted on this server.

the additional satisfaction that a person receives from consuming an additional unit of a good or service. //// In the absence of effectiveness statistics, critics say, ads may influence people to seek prescriptions for drugs that are of only marginal benefit.

the increase in cost that accompanies a unit increase in output //// Much of its value will be delivered to each additional consumer at a marginal cost of nearly zero.

the proportion of a change in income that is spent on the consumption of goods and services, rather than being saved //// None of them say that a high marginal propensity to consume might be a way to create sustained economic growth.

the situation where the quantity of a product demanded by consumers is not equal to the quantity supplied. //// Protecting car production in the face of market failure has locked the workforce into an economy which cannot sustain itself.

(to make goods available to) people who might want to buy something, or a certain part of the world //// We estimate the potential market for the new phones to be around one million people. * They've increased their share of the market by ten percent. * They plan to market the toy for children aged 2 to 6. * to be/put something on the market * to break into a market * the black/grey market * market development/growth/research/ segmentation * a target/test market * the bottom/top end of the market

the ability of a company to manipulate price by influencing an item's supply, demand or both //// Most large multinational corporations enjoy considerable market power, increasing their bargaining power with small supplier companies that operate under far more competitive pressure.

a price that causes quantities supplied and demanded to be equal //// Search models don’t just assume that buyers and sellers face a market-clearing price — they try to actually describe the process that determines that price.

all the commercial activities involved in promoting, distributing and selling a product //// Our marketing people have come up with a great idea for the launch of the new model. * a career in sales and marketing * a clever marketing ploy *confusion/direct marketing * the marketing mix * a marketing plan/strategy

the process in which a bank receives a deposit for one maturity period and lends the same amount for a different maturity period //// The capacity of banks to undertake maturity transformation would be restricted by these measures.

an instrument used to facilitate the sale, purchase or trade of goods between parties //// The euro has emerged as a global medium of exchange to rival the dollar. * To avoid the inconveniences associated with a barter economy, one of the goods can be used as a medium of exchange.

(to advertise) goods that people buy and sell //// There were mounds of merchandise piled up at the store. * If the product is properly merchandised, it should sell very well.

products relating to a popular film, sports team, event, etc //// The Diamond Jubilee has inspired a wave of merchandising, with retailers keen to cash in on the Queen's popularity.

the minimum amount of compensation an employee must receive for performing labor //// He earns the minimum wage of $5.50 an hour. * Most of the junior office staff are on the minimum wage. * above/below the minimum wage * an increase/rise in the minimum wage * the federal/national minimum wage * a minimum wage agreement/policy * to introduce a national minimum wage

a set of views that are based on the belief that inflation depends on how much money the government prints //// Economic policy is locked up in narrow monetarism and does not favour growth. *the doctrine/theory of monetarism

the actions of a central bank, currency board or other regulatory committee that determine the size and rate of growth of the money supply, which in turn affects interest rates //// He said the Fed would tighten monetary policy. * to ease/relax/loosen monetary policy

the entire stock of currency and other liquid instruments in a country's economy at a particular time //// Japan's money supply grew in January at the slowest rate in nearly six years. * Growth in the money supply is no longer a reliable guide to monetary conditions. * to increase/restrict the money supply

a type of competition within an industry where: 1. All firms produce similar yet not perfectly substitutable products; all firms are able to enter the industry if the profits are attractive; all firms maximize their profit; and all firms have some market power, which means none are price takers //// The competition between physicians can be modelled by the concept of monopolistic competition.

an estimation by which an amount of investment is multiplied to give the total increase of national income //// House sales have a high multiplier effect on the economy.