Cartes mémoires humus faktorial (Seite 1 von 3)

Cartes-fiches	103
Langue	Deutsch
Catégorie	Psychologie
Niveau	Université
Crée / Actualisé	05.02.2025 / 10.02.2025
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Which statements are correct in relation to the topic systems?

A system consists of animate and inanimate parts and their interaction

Only the human component of a system can lead to its failure

Implications of the system concept include that the goals of the system take precedence over everything else and that systems only operate in a limited, small environment

Open-loop systems do not use feedback

Which statements are correct in terms of engineering, psychology and engineering psychology?

Engineering psychology is interested in the interface between humans and machines

· Human and machine components can be redesigned equally extensively

Good design can compensate for inadequate personnel

Good personnel can compensate for poor design

Which statements are correct in relation to the topic historical foundations?

Human factors is also called human-machine functionalism

Taylorism was widely accepted and led to much satisfaction among workers due to output-contingent pay

Human factors originated in the 1940s

An increase in cyber security often leads to lower usability

Which statements are correct in relation to the topic historical foundations?

In the healthcare system, 250k deaths per year are due to human error

The first computer was half the length of a football field

The invention of the internet in 1990 made PCs more versatile

Preceding disciplines of human factors are human physiology, industrial sociology and human performance psychology

What are the goals of science?

a) Exploration, imagination, creativity

b) Explanation, prediction, control

c) Observation, hypothesizing, experimentation

d) Intuition, guesswork, luck

Which of the following are steps in the scientific method?

Observe phenomenon

Develop a hypothesis

Making guesses without evidence

Evaluate a hypothesis

What challenge is often faced when conducting use-inspired basic research?

Lack of funding

Lack of interest from researchers

Potential miscommunication due to involvement of different disciplines

Limited availability of research resources

Which variable is most important for human factor?

Stimulus variable

Physiological variable

Behavioral variable

Subject variable

What is ethnographic observation used for?

Product development

Human interest

Restructuring

Interactions

What type of validity refers to how well a measurement represents the construct being studied?

Face validity

Construct validity

Ecological validity

Internal validity

What type of data collection method involves asking users directly and can be open-ended, multiple-choice, or rating scale?

Diaries

Log Files

Surveys, Questionnaires, and Interviews

Ethnographic Observation

In the context of statistical hypothesis testing, which of the following statements are true?

The null hypothesis states that there is no effect or no difference.

A Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected.

A Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly accepted.

The alpha level (α) is the probability of making a Type II error.

e)Increasing the sample size generally decreases the precision of population estimates.

When conducting an experiment with two groups, which of the following steps are involved in inferential statistics?

Formulating a null hypothesis.

Comparing the sample means of the groups.

Deciding the acceptable probability for a Type I error.

Directly observing the population means.

e)Calculating the probability that the observed mean difference occurred by chance.

Which of the following are true about confidence intervals?

a)A 95% confidence interval means there is a 95% chance the true parameter lies within the interval.

Wider confidence intervals indicate greater precision.

c)Confidence intervals provide an estimate of the range within which the population parameter is likely to fall.

d)Increasing the sample size typically narrows the confidence interval.

e)Confidence intervals can be used to assess the statistical significance of a result.

Why do human errors often occur in the system?

Poor system design

Individual motivation

Task complexity

Error-prone situations

Which of the error taxonomies are types by action

Design error

(non) Recoverable error

Sequence error

Selection error

Select the correct statements about the topic human error

Error taxonomies capture different aspects of human performance

Action & failure classification is the first person view

In the British Midland Flight 092 was a Omission error involved

Analyzing sources of potential human errors and their consequences to improve system

Which one are types of failures in system reliability analysis

Operating failure

Standby failure

On-demand failure

Systemic failure

Which statements about components in serial systems are right?

adding further components only decreases reliability

a single unreliable component lowers system reliability

a single unreliable component increases system reliability

max. system reliability equals least reliable component

on which aspects of the system does the system performance depend?

mechanical

human

environmental

social

What are Processing limitations

The data input is limited or degraded

The personnel limitations are memory retrieval and decision making

The structural limitations are inability of the system to perform several operation at once

Resource limitations are mostly in the perceptual stage

Select the correct statements of the three-stage model

The three-stage model is a general framework for human information processing perception

The action stage included the programming and execution of the required overt response

Direct link between action and perception

The perceptual stage is the detection, discrimination and identification of stimuli

What does the x-axis represent in the graph of the stimulus threshold?

Intensity

Time

Stimulus type

Volume

Select the right answer that describes a “correct rejection” in the signal detection?

Signal present and signal + noise

Signal present and noise

Signal absent and signal + noise

Signal absent and noise

Which answers are correct?

A.A simple Reaction Time Task requires a single response to a subset of all possible stimuli.

B.A choice Reaction Time Task requires more than one response, depending on stimulus identity.

C.A go-no go Reaction Time Task requires a single response to any stimulus.

D.A go-no go Reaction Time Task requires a type C reaction.

Which answers are correct?

A.Additive logic assumes serial processing with distinct stages.

B.Subtractive logic accounts for error rates.

C.Subtractive logic is often used in the context of mental rotation tasks.

D.Additive logic was introduced by Donders.

How do the lens and ciliary muscle behave at far point?

Flat lens and relaxed ciliary muscle

Curved lens and relaxed ciliary muscle

Curved lens and streched ciliary muscle

Flat lens and tense ciliary muscle

Which statements about our focusing system are true?

a)Dilation and contraction of the pupil are always reflexive

b)Visual acuity is particularly high in the fovea

Light enters the eye via cornea > pupil > lens > retina

d)The smaller the pupil, the greater the depth of field we perceive everything in front of or behind our focus point out of focus

Which statements about binocular cues are correct?

a)Their elimination has no influence on the perceptual-motor performance of surgeons

b)Stereoscopic (3D) images are based on them

c)These include interposition and relative size

d)The horopter plays an important role

How should HF specialists design the displays and controls?

a)The controls should not be red or green, so that people with a red-green weakness can also use them.

b)Important buttons should be as large as possible so that they are easy to recognize

c)If text is used, it is better to use black letters against a white background than white letters against a black background

d)Place displays and control elements with similar functions close together and give them the same shape. Principles from gestalt psychology should be used here.

Which question(s) regarding hearing is/are true?

The pitch of a tone is related to the amplitude of the soundwave.

Lower-frequency tones are perceived to have higher pitches than higher-frequency tones.

The loudness of a tone is related to the amplitude of thesoundwave.

A soundwave is produced by repeated cycles of compression and rarefaction of air molecules.

Which question(s) regarding hearing is/are false?

Smoking can lead to increased sensitivity to specific tone frequencies.

Sensitivity decreases with age (less sensitivity to higher frequencies).

Higher tones can mask lower tones as they go further down the cochlea.

The concept of temporal proximity describes the phenomenon that subsequent tones are perceived as belonging together.

Which question(s) regarding the cochlea is/are true?

The cochlea is part of the human outer ear.

It is filled with fluid and hair cells.

The cochlea contains the auditory sensory receptors.

The lower the tone, the more the peak of vibration moves towards the end of the cochlea.

Why is pain a sense of its own?

have own receptors

can be very intense

is complex

can change over time

Why are the senses of smell and taste so important?

Warning function: things that taste or smell bad are potentially fatal, important sensory perceptions

When is an auditory presentation not used?

If the message is short

If the message is complex

If the message deals with events in time

If the location is very bright or dark

What determines the display arrangement?

frequency of use

number of use

duration of use

place of use

Which factor plays a role in the intelligibility of a display?

Using many words

Avoiding abbreviations

Using difficult technical terms

Using negations

Using few words

Which of the following statements about selective attention are correct?

It determines our ability to focus on certain sources of information and ignore others.

It allows for the execution of a single highly practiced response without attention.

It is influenced by the gross physical characteristics of stimuli, such as spatial location.

It requires the use of executive control strategies in all tasks.

According to the resource models of attention, which of the following are true?

Attention is viewed as a fixed bottleneck.

Performance deteriorates as the amount of resources decreases.

Multiple resource pools may be involved in task performance.

They emphasize the importance of gross physical characteristics of stimuli.

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