Occupational Health Psychology & Ergonomics

Participants report events and experiences retrospectively across regular and predeterimined intervals of time

Participants report when
prompted to do so by a signal that is emitted
randomly within predetermined time periods--> p dass auch nicht aktiv saliente sachen berichtet werden(in comparison to retrospective diary entry)

Participants report whenever a
specified event has taken place--> e.g. immer wenn der boss mich nervt:(

Self-reports triggered in situ
when some predefined threshold is reached (e.g., in
individual‘s state monitored by sensors)--> e.g. immer wenn die smartwatch miss dass der puls über 100 ist

-maximized ecological validity--> ist nämlich kein stanni erlebnis nem 10h fragebogen auszufüllen

-minimized selection requirements

-minimized memory requirements

-minimized aggregation requirements--Y man muss also ned nen großen datensatz in iwas kleineres packen (siehe B5)

-reduced social desirebility-effects

-episodic(1. day of school)  knowledge (vs. semantic(capital of france)) is the focus of the research topic

-research topic characterized by within-person short-term variability (versus stability)?--> Messfehler KTT

-is it accessible to participants’ introspection--> ka auswendig lernen

-Is ecological validity (at the expense of strict experimental control) paramount?--> muss man das vllt. sogar mehrmals durchführen ums auf d. allgemeiheit anwenden zu können

-Approach feasible for the target population--> ka

-

measurement bursts--> Intensive-measurement periods that are
repeated across a longer time interval

Stress exposure (daily events)
▪ Affective strain (emotional reactions)
Stress-related intraindividual change i.e., affective
reactivity, link between stress and health outcomes
➢ Stressors or affect per se do not explain changes in
health

--> Mischung aus Beanspruchung und Stress sorgt für gesundheitl. Probleme

a) adjustment--> knowledge how to cope with a frequent stressor; stress reaction declines despetite the appereance of the stressor

b) stress reaction: stress is slowliy declining when stressor dissapears

c) sleeper effect--> stress reaction is delayed to the sressors appereance

d) accumulation--> stress reaction stays the same even if the exposure to the stressor is over

e) dynamic accumulation--> stress reaction increases even if the exposure to the stressor is over

Health differences between individuals exposed vs. not exposed
to a risk factor such as shift work are often surprisingly small; reason is under the surface--> ppl. working nightshift with the worst condition change will change to day shift at some point, so the former night shift worker lower the average of the day shift worker

Process of reducing or eliminating physical and psychological strain symptoms that have been
caused by job demands and stressful events at work

-Stressor (or its perception) does not lead to prolonged activation per se--> wenn ich ne gute recovery hab wirkt die auch n bissl als ressilienzfaktor

-Something other than metabolic needs keeps instigating organism to respond after termination of stressor

-Huge anticipatory responses ahead of stressor cannot be explained by metabolic needs

-Modulating stress factors such as perceived controllability, low social support

Internal (within work time): breaks
◼ External: evening/night, weekend, vacation,
sabbatical
➢ Problem: pauses that are self-administered are often
poorly applied (too late, too short/long, or en bloc
with leisure)

-Allostatic load (McEwen, 1998)
◼ Prolonged activation (Brosschot et al., 2005)
◼ Effort-recovery model (Meijman & Mulder,
1998)
◼ Reactivity & recovery (Linden et al.,1997)

n shaped curve, zu beginn strain weils demands gibt, iwann enden die demands und recovery setzt ein; bei mangelndem detachement --> dysfuntional cycle, recovery nur unvollständig in zeiten wos keine demands gibt

Density of stressors – reduced opportunities for recovery
-Reduced resources
- Vulnerability (errors, irritation, immune deficiency, etc.)
b. Poor use of chances for recovery
▪ Few social and physical activities
▪ Unhealthy life style (substance use, etc.)
c. Reduced ability for recovery
▪ Perseverative cognition/rumination

perservative cognition: The repeated or chronic activation of the cognitive representation of stressrelated content

Three types of prolonged activation: anticipatory, recovery, and recurrent

Associated with physiological activation, including cardiovascular, endocrinological, and immunological parameters

-weil man nur repetitiv seine gedanken durchgeht und keine lösungsansätze entwickelt

impairs recovery in the evening and during the
weekend
(e.g., via sleep, Berset et al., 2011)
... impairs effect of vacation
(Fritz & Sonnentag, 2006)
... can provoke new stressful situations
e.g. work stress --> family conflicts
e.g. family stress --> lowered work performance
... impairs ability to cope with new demands

--> higher risk for cardiovascular diseases

defi: Refraining from job-related activities and thoughts during nonwork time

-Mental disengagement from work stressors is crucial
for eliminating the lingering negative effects of
stressors
◼ Disengagement is a prerequisite for the recovery of
resources that may be required to cope with future
work demands

-relaxation/tension reduction/unwinding

-Mastery/challenge--> ned nur netflix+chill, sondern sprache lernen sudoku zocken

-control/autonomy

-meaning--> wenn man seine aufgaben als meaningful wahnimmt

-affiliation--> wenn man mit anderen personen connecten kann

--> alles freizeitfaktoren!

Mix of
• physical activity
• social activity
• relaxation

vermieden werden sollte: Activities that are similar to a person’s work activities; Negatively colored preoccupation
with work issues

Rule of thumb: If it is a pleasure, it contributes to recovery

Clear mental boundaries between work and nonwork
(Ashfort et al., 2000)
◼ Goal setting strategies, e.g., setting goals for
segmenting work and nonwork
◼ Planning in the form of implementation intentions
(where, when, and how unfinished tasks will be)--> ihr beispiel mit verbalisieren eines ziels mit dem brief

work demands, role demands + emotionally unpleasnet work--> signi einfluss auf neg. work rumination--> signi einfluss auf heavy alcohol use, workday alcohol use, after work alcohol use

distributive justice, friendship formation + emotionally signi work --> signi einfluss auf pos. work einfluss --> signi minderungseinfluss auf heavy alcohol use, workday alcohol use, after work alcohol use

12-month prevalence rates
◼ 26.1% for heavy drinking (5 or more drinks
per day)
◼ 29.5% for drinking to intoxication
◼ 22.7% for drinking to the point of
experiencing a hangover
◼ 7.0% for drinking during the workday
◼ 37.8% for initiating alcohol use within two
hours of leaving work

Alcohol abuse costs around CHF 2.8 billion a year
Mostly productivity losses: An estimated CHF 2.1
billion are incurred due to premature death, illness, or
early retirement
Direct healthcare costs amount to CHF 477 million
(treatment of alcohol-related diseases, accidents, and
addiction treatment)
Another CHF 215 million are costs in law enforcement
(police, judiciary and prosecution)

A form of inter-role conflict in which the role pressures from the work and family domains are mutually incompatible in some respect

3 major forms: a) time-based conflicts  b) strain-based conflict--> wenn man zu fertig ist um noch was zu machen c) bahavior-based conflict--> akzeptabel in dem einen aber ned im anderen feld

entweder work-to-family oder family-to-work

-work domain variables: job involvement, hours spent at work, work support, schedule flexibility, job stress

-nonwork-domain-variables: family involvement, hours spent nonwork, family support, family stress, number of childs, age of youngest child

haben beide einfluss auf family interference with work + work interference with family auch wenn der einfluss von der logischen domäne auf das logische höher ist

höheres einfluss auf von diesen klassichen work variablen wie job involvement oder hours spent at the job von work-to-family-conflict als von famiily-auf-work-conflict

--> trotzdem muss man sagen dass es sich um nen vicious circle handelt--> wenn job variablen in der familie conflict/strain auslösen, bringen diese anschließend wieder strain von der family in den job rein

cross-domain hypothesis --> "logischere" annahme; bsp.: work interfering with family --> annahme 1 wenn work einflus auf fmailie hat dann muss es nen größeren einfluss auf familie geben

matching hypothesis --> "unlogischere" Annahme--> wenn der chef sagt dass man länger bleiben muss, man dadruch das spiel vom sohn verpasst und dadruch stresst hat, dass man dann schlißende mehr angepisst auf arbeit ist

Empirie unterstützt eher die die matching hypothesis obwohls verinzelt auch auch evidenz für die cross domain hypothesis gibt

The extent to which experiences in one role improve the quality of life in the other role. Like work-family conflict, WFE is considered as bidirectional --> work to family sowie family to work enrichment mgl.

ressources in general are: skills + perspectives, psychological + physiolog. ressources, social capital ressources, flexibility, material ressources

bsp.: man gibt im job n gutes paper ab und strahlt dadurch nur so voll freude + selbstvertrauen, kann dadurch mit mehr elan an die aufgaben rangehen, welche einen in der familie erwarten

job satisfaction + affective commitment--> beides work-to-family

family satisfaction--> family-to-work

life satisfaction--> work-to-family allerdings gabszu family-to-work keine einzige studie zu

-Spillover is a within-person cross-domain transmission of strain from one area of life to
another

--> effects on wokr + family; pos. + neg. effects possible; intentional + unintentional

e.g work skills--> general knowledge structure--> family skills