Occupational Health Psychology & Ergonomics

A minimum weekly rest period of 24 uninterrupted hours for each 7-day period, in addition to the 11 hours' daily rest

▪ Paid annual leave of at least 4 weeks per year

▪ Extra protection for night work: average working hours must not exceed 8 hours per 24-hour period

▪ Night workers must not perform heavy or dangerous work for longer than 8 hours in any 24-hour period

▪ Night workers have the right to free health assessments and, under certain circumstances, to transfer to day work

-quantity + quality of sleep

-state of health

-social + leisure activities

-abseenteismn

-tunover

-work performance

-accident rate

-Karolinska sleepiness scale

-General Health Questionnaire

-peack von 12-15uhr--> post-lunch-dip; hängt allerdings teilweise auch mit dem circadianen rhytmus zusammen

-sowie 23-5 uhr--> höherer ausschlag

-stomach troubles

-ulcers(geschwüre)

-intestinal disorders

-nervous disorders

social events, cultural events, hobbies, friends, family

7-11:30 läufts rund, dann post lunch dip, 16-18:30 laufts nochmals rund bevors drastisch abnimmt

je mehr tage man nachts am stück arbeitet desto höhere p für nen accident

employeees haben ne zeit lang 64.9, 54.6 und 48.1 h gearbeitet.

produktivität (units/hour) bei 48.1 h am höchsten; gesamtvolumen bei 54.6 h per week am höchsten

-importance of laws, regulations + norms--> e.g. regulations for perosn working in air traffic

-consideration of the nature of the task--> limit working hours for physically/mentally challanging jobs

-use criteria to evaluate work schedule

home

road

rail

aircraft

water transport

hazard: potential of a substance, activity or process to cause harm (e.g. chemical, electricity, use of ladder)

risk: likelihood of activity or process to cause harm

near-miss: any incident that could have resulted in an accident (for about every 10 ‘near miss’ events a minor accident will occur)

Dangerous occurrence: ‘near miss’ that could have led to serious injury or loss of life.

1. identifying predisposing(vorangegangende)  factors: equipment factors, task factors, environmental factors

2. identifying precipitating(auslösend) factors: failure of part of system

3. operator response to the failure

4. accident or accident avoided

allgemeine: niedrige p--> wird überschätzt, hohe p--> wird unterschätzt

Humans are good at evaluating relative risks (e.g. TV sets
are associated with fewer accidents than lawn mowers)
▪ Actual frequencies of injury are overestimated for low
frequencies (e.g. fan)
▪ Actual frequencies of injury are underestimated for high
frequencies (e.g. bicycle accidents

no personal experiance of injuries--> underestimation of the risk(availability/verfügbar heuristic)

large media coverage leads to overestmation of the risk

1. elemination of hazard(gefahr)--> replacing dangerous equipment by technical solution

2. separation of removal danger--> Hazard continuous to exist but risk of injury is removed--> only robots work with high-voltage system

3. shielding or reducing of danger--> protective gear--> risk of injury is reduced

3. adaptation to hazard--> Warnings and training are used to enable employees to show safe behaviours (e.g. use of qualified personnel to repair high-voltage systems)

comprevensive(umfassend) ergonomics--> best

behavior modification--> auch gut

technological intercentions

quality circle

Separate entries for pedestrians and cars/forklift,...

-date + location of accidents

-circumstances of accident

-immediate cause of accident

-underlying cause of accident

-Recommendation for further improvement

-report circulation list

Easy and error-free activation
▪ Spatial separation from other controls
▪ Colour coding: red
▪ Dead man‘s switch-->train
▪ Emergency cord--> train

-catch humans attention--> e.g. dynamic traiffic warning signs

-identify the hazard--> easy to identify the hazardous component

-inform of consequences of not avoiding the hazard--> yellow signs with consequences on it

-tell the human how to avoid hazard--> blue signs e.g. mandatory to wear security googles

e.g. human driving a car: human information processing(no car on the streets ahead, i can accelerate)--> pressing the gas pedal--> machine operating the input--> output: more gssoline to the engine--> speedometer display changes--> human sensors(eye) detecting that)--> brain processing the nex steps

-Standardisation (e.g., car foot pedals,
telephone)
▪ Control movement stereotypes (cross- cultural differences)--> light switch usa vs. ger
▪ Coding (e.g., shape, colour, location(gaspedal vs. break))

- Redundancy gain--> triffic light: different color + different position of the lights
▪ Discriminability
▪ Grouping

-The mechanisation and integration of the
sensing of environmental variables (by artificial
sensors)
▪ Data processing and decision making (by
computers)
▪ Mechanical action (by motors or devices that
apply forces to the environment)

-a) aquire information--> ppl., stored records, strategies

-b) analyse + display--> navigation, best route to bern

-c) decide action--> criteria, actions

-d) implement action--> speed, ressources used

bsp. für unterschiedl. level: action choice supervisor engine: shuts down the engine automatically vs. shuts down the engine unless the engineer vetoes vs. recommends engine shutdown

cheaper product, simplier usage

human decides (explicit control of automation)--> e.g. parking assistant, human can use it if he wants to

--> higher self-efficacy

maschine, nicht mensch entscheidet;

machine decides (implicit control of
automation)
▪ External conditions
▪ Operator performance
▪ Psychophysiological indicators

sodass Umfang und Art der Automationsfunktionen zum mentalen Zustand des Piloten passen. Im Gegensatz zu adaptierbarer Automation geschieht dies ohne Zutun des Menschen, was grade bei hoch beanspruchenden Aufgabensituationen eine Schlüsselfunktion ist.  e.g. pilot in a jet on a critical mission

1Computer offers no assistance, human does the whole job
2 Computer helps by determining the options
3 Computer helps determine options and narrows the selection down
to a few, which human may or may not choose
4 Computer suggests one option, which human may or may not
choose
5 Computer selects action and implements it if human approves
6 Computer allows human a restricted time to veto before automatic
execution
7 Computer executes automatically, then necessarily informs human
8 Computer executes automatically and informs human only if asked
9 Computer executes automatically and informs human only if
computer decides to
10 Computer decides everything, acts autonomously, ignoring the
human

a) aquire infromation--> ppl. strred records

b) analyse + display--> algorithmn, past information

c) decide action

d) implement action

fürn mensch vorallem übergang zw. b und c für die self efficacy relevant

a+b waär des navi c+d wär des google car

-static automation--> always at the same level, cheapest option

-adaptable automation--> human decides (explicit control of automation); self-efficacy; einparkhilfe; mensch entscheidet ob er se nutzt oder ned

-adaptive automation(machine decides--> implicit control of automation, auf grundlage von external condition, operator performance, psychophysiolog. measurements

-external visability--> e.g. poor visabillity wenn man einparken will

-operator performance--> karre merkt dass man bei ner riesen parklücke schon 2x versagt hat und übernimmt dann selbst die kontrolle:(

-psychophysiolog. indicators--> karre merkt, dass man nen viel zu krassen heart beat hat, will aggro fahrer auf der straße verhindern und übernimmt deswegen selber

-

-out of the loop problem-->Highly automated systems reduce the operator to monitoring role, which diminishes the chances for the operator to understand the system

-situation awareness

-skill loss

-mental workload--> könnte auch zunehmen

-mode error--> man denkt das man in ner anderen automatismus stufe ist und dann gibts nen error

-trust--> man muss die p für nen error kennen und augfrund desssen trotzdem immer double checken wenn die maschine e.g. viele fehler macht-->attitude towards sth.

-complacency-->selbstzufriedenheit(kann zu führen das man gar nix mehr kontrolliert)--> im ggensatz zu trust also eher n state

reliance

-information aquisition

-evaluation of situation

-projection of situation in future