062 RadNAV
Radio Nav
Radio Nav
Fichier Détails
| Cartes-fiches | 50 |
|---|---|
| Langue | English |
| Catégorie | Code de la route |
| Niveau | Autres |
| Crée / Actualisé | 16.08.2022 / 18.08.2024 |
| Lien de web |
https://card2brain.ch/box/20220816_062_rnav
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| Intégrer |
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What does NDB stand for?
Non-Directional radio Beacon
What does ADF stand for?
Automatic Direction Finding
Which type of propagation (ground/sky/space waves) do NDB use and in which freq. bands do they operate?
Ground waves in LF and MF
What is the difference between QDM and QDR?
QDM: Magnetic bearing to the station, QDR: Magnetic bearing from the station -> QDM = QDR + 180 Deg.
How are NDBs depicted on charts?
Single dot in circle surrounded by multiple circles made up of dots.
In which exact bandwith do NDBs operate?
200 - 1750 kHz
What is the range of NDBs and what does it depend on?
10 - 200 NM, depending on station output energy.
What is the difference between N0N A1A and N0N A2A emissions?
NON A1A emissions: Interrupted bearing by identification 2x/min.
NON A2A emissions: Steady bearing and identification 8x/min.
Which limitations do occur with both VORs and NDBs?
Cone of silence aka conce of confusion.
Explain the working principle of an NDB (singal reception with a loop antenna)?
A loop antenna rotates and receives max. reception when the plane of the loop antenna is parallel to the direction of the NDB radio wave. If the plane of loop is perpendicular to direction of wave travel (simplified: The NDB radio wave travels through the loop antenna), the antenna reception is minimum.
Why do ADFs also need a sense antenna (apart from the loop antenna)?
Do identify in which direction of the loop antenna pattern the NDB is situated (with only loop antenna, 2 potential directions are possible, which are 180 deg. apart.)
Why does ADF also require a sense antenna?
Do identify in which direction of the loop antenna pattern the NDB is situated (with only loop antenna, 2 potential directions are possible, which are 180 deg. apart.)
What is the accuracy of an ADF?
+/- 5 deg.
What does the "ADF Button" on an ADF do?
In "ADF Mode", the pointer is activated and the ADF treis to point to the station.
In "ANT Mode", loop antenna is disabled and all receiving is done through the sense antenna -> clearest audio reception.
What does the "BFO Button" do on an ADF?
This oscillator creates an audio freq. signal from Morse code radiotelegraphy transmissions to make them audible.
Explain the mountain effect on NDB radio waves?
Mountains can bend the NDB radio signal and indicate wrong bearings on the ADF.
Which effect is responsible for wrong ADF bearings when flying at or over a shoreline or coast?
Refraction over coast/shoreline
What is the reasond for the night and twilight effect on NDB radio waves?
Sky waves exist apart from the usual ground waves, causing an interference zone.
Why should one not conduct an NDB approach during thunderstorm activity?
because of atmospheric disturbances / static errors in the signal.
Is an ADF reliable during turns? If not, what is the error called?
Unreliable due to dip error
Find the correct QDM when your HDG is 310 deg and you read a RB of 090 deg?
QDM 040 deg.
In which freq. band does VHF DF work?
same as VHF COM: 118.0 - 136.975 MHz.
What causes inaccuracy in VDF?
- Transmitting simultaneously
- Reflexions on the ground
- Non quasi-optical LOS
What is the accuracy of VDF?
+/- 2 deg. tp +/- 10 deg. depending on class A to D
What does VOR stand for?
Very High Frequency (VHF) Omni-directional Range
Which VORs exist?
Conventional (CVOR) and Doppler VOR (DVOR)
Which Freq. band do VORs use?
108.00 to 117.95 MHz
Which Freq. band do Terminal VORs use?
108.000-111.975 Mhz (same band as LOC, but VORs use the even numbers, e.g. 110.05 & 109.4 MHz while LOC uses odd ones, 108.10, 108.15, 108.30)
What is a VOT?
Test VOR to test the equipment
Explain in easy words: How does a VOR function?
Similar to a lighthouse: The VOR sends out one stationary master signal, and one rotating variable signal. These are also called "reference" and "variable" phases. Based on the phase difference received by the aircraft's VOR antenna, it can be determined which radial the aircraft is located on.
Why is a DVOR more precise than a CVOR?
DVOR less sensitive to multipath
State the formula to determine VOR Range?
LOS(NM) = 1.23 * (sqroot(HTransmitter(ft)) + sqroot(HReceiver(ft)))
What is the range of VOR KLO when flying at FL300?
approx. 260 NM
Why are VOR/DME often coupled together?
VOR provides bearing, DME distance information -> combined this results in a so called "rho-theta position".
Do VORs have a cone of silence or confusion?
Yes, similar to NDBs
Which errors can occur with VORs?
- Mountain effect: Interference due to reflection
- Bending: Gradual changes, flying a constant wrong bearing
- Scalloping: Sudden changes, fluctuation on indication
On a VOR Instrument, what does OBS stand for?
Omni Bearing Selector -> seleced course
What is the frequency range of Surveillance Radars?
UHF: 300 - 3000 MHz
Name the 4 global GNSS providers
- NAVSTAR GPS
- GLONASS
- GALILEO
- Beidou
How is the GLONASS system characterised (#-satellites, orbit height, inclination)
- 24 satellites
- 19'130km
- 64.8° (to the equator)
