Biological Principles of Human Medicine (Stoyanov)
Wichtiges zum merken aus den Kurs Biological Principles of Human Medicine
Wichtiges zum merken aus den Kurs Biological Principles of Human Medicine
Set of flashcards Details
| Flashcards | 84 |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Category | Biology |
| Level | University |
| Created / Updated | 08.10.2021 / 09.01.2022 |
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Why are introns not just left out?
exons can be put together in different sequences to produce different variants (from one gene)
What is the proces called to remove intron sequences from transcribed RNA?
splicing
Explain what is happening from DNA to Protein in the cytoplasm of eucyryotes
DNA gets transcribed --> RNA gets capped, spliced and polyadenylation gets added --> mRNA gets exported --> mRNA gets translated into proteins
what is the capping and the poly-A for?
They stabilize the RNA
Help with exporting
Recognition as "NOT" a virus
How many nucleotides are needed to code for the 20 amino acids?
4^3 (4x4x4)= 64
4^2 = 16 (would not be enough)
4 because we have four bases (GUAC)
What does it mean if an amino acid has several triplets (genetic codes)?
It is more common
What is special about this?
This amino acid is more resistent to mutation
What are the triplets for Stop?
UAA
UAG
UGA
What happens if you loose a nucleotide in mRNA?
A bad mutation, because the whole sequence gets read differently
What is the "thing" called which carries amino acid and forms proteins with mRNA?
tRNA (transfer RNA)
What kind of Structure does the tRNA have?
clover leaf structure, with an arrached amino acid
What is the function of the ribosome?
It produces the proteins by using the mRAN as a base and adding tRNA (according to the anticodon to the mRNA).
tRNA leaves the amino acid behind which form the protein
What are the three binding sites of the ribosome called?
E-site: exit for used tRNA
P-site:
A-site: entrance of tRNA
Where is the anticodon found, and where the codon?
Anticodon: tRNA
codon: mRNA
Which way is the ribosome going on the mRNA strand?
from 5' to 3'
How many steps does the Translateion need?
3 steps
What are microorganism?
All organism that can not bee seen by eye.
Include microbes, virueses, bacteria, archeans, algae, fungi...
What are the three categroies of cells?
Bacteria (procaryotes)
Archea (live under extreme conditions)
Eucaryotes
What are the microbes that cause diseases called?
Pathogens
what are microorganisms called that under normal condition do not cause diseases but can if they are at the wrong place at the wrong time?
opportunistic pathogens
What is the max resolution of a light microsope? why?
Half of the wacelength of visible light (in this case blue wit 400nm) -> 200nm
What are spores?
state of the microorganisme which is very robust and can survive for a long time
What is the energy source of lithotropic bacteria?
Stone/Rocks or better said inorganic substrate
What does a virus need to survive? what is it also called because of that?
it needs a host
Thus it is also called the ultimate parasite (no smaller parasite than virus exists)
What tree types of shape are common in bacterias?
Spherical cells
Rod shaped
spiral cells
Why is the cell wall for bacterias important?
The plasma membrane is very thin and would break on it's own. the Cell wall supports this structure
How big is a bacteria? how big is a eucaryotic cell?
Bacteria: around 1um
Eucaryot: around 10-20um
How do bacteries move around?
With the help of the flagellum
What is a fission and where is it used?
Fission is the last step of the BACTERIAL cell division.
Only used for bacterias
What are the 4 steps fo the bacterial cell division?
Replication
Translocation
Ingrowht of plasma membrane and cell wall
Cell division (Fission)
How can bacterias be classified? in what two categories?
Gram-positive: thick cell wall
Gram-negative: two membranes
Gram is a kind of stain that olors the cell wall purple
What ar the two different surface structures of bacteria and how are they called?
Flagelllum: used du move around, helical shaped
pilus: used to exchange genetic material, "spike" shaped
Why are most bacterias non pathogenic?
Phatogenic bacterias usually carry patogenic "islands" and are thus bigger than the nonpathogenic coresponding bacteria.
Bigger bacterias require more energy
What two mechanism are there for cells to take up bacteria (Phagocytosis)?
Zipper mechanism
and trigger mechanism
How can epithelia help to defend against microbial invasion?
It secrets antimicribial molecules
What can not be targeted by antibiotics?
The "Capsule", a slimy surface that protects the bacteria
What role play antibiotics in the mutation of bacteria?
They do not cause the mutation (mutation has always been there). But they select for them by killing the ones that are not mutated and thus now have more space and nutrients to grow even more
name two tools of genetric engineering?
Plasmids: rings of DNA that do not belong to the bacterial chromosome
Restriction of enzymes: cutting the dna either with sticky or blunt ends
What do all viruses have in common?
They have some kind of shell and inside the nucleic acid
But they vary greatly in shape and size
What do viruses posses (or better said not) that all other living cells have?
Viruses have either DNA OR RNA, but not both (all other cells have both)
