Navigation

Guidance to the geographic north pole

Guidance to the magnetic north pole delta between TN –MN: magnetic declination or magnetic variation (VAR)

reasons for the variation: secular variation of the magnetic north pole

disturbance of the magnetic lines of forces caused by local magnetic field anomalies

guidance to themagnetic north pole, whose position is offset by external influences

delta between MN -CN: deviation (DEV)

reasons for the deviation: interference by on-board electric/magnetic fields

bearing is an angle measured in the horizontal -> plane counted clockwise from 000°to 360°from a reference direction to be indicated and written in three digits

Angle between forward direction. And object or north 

timespan between zwei two sun highs

solar time (true, mean)

sidereal time (Frühlingspunkt)

atomic time (based on Cs or Rbfrequency standards, H-maser)

-> earth has no regular shape

- > for the localization and for the projection of coordinates into the plane it is necessary to set up coordinate systems which determine the absolute and relative positions of the objects to be mapped - >a coordinate transformation may be necessary

selected coordinate system (CS) + definition of a date (CS is set in relation to the earth via the date) = CRS

- Models

model of the earth object (earth shape) as well as

the origin of the coordinates, the orientation of the coordinate axes relative to the earth shape and the scale are fixed.

einheitliches welt system --> vorher hatten alle lokalen gebiete leichte unterschiede

conditional graphical representation of the earth's surface in the plane, closed (without gaps and folds) and generalized representation (with map characters, signatures and writing) of individual areas in variable scale according to certain laws

generell, abbildung von der kugeloberfläche auf eine ebene

the area to be represented is so small that it can practicallybe assumed to be a plane; the representation of such a small area of the earth's surface can be reproduced on the plane on a large scale without practically noticeable distortions

the larger the scale, the greater the approximation to simultaneous equal-area, conformal and equidistantmapping

-> auch in großen karten gibt es stellen, die auch winkel und längentreu sind

a sphere is not "unwind able" -> distortions in the plane are unavoidable!

conformal: every horizontal angle is the same in the terrain and on the map

-> navigation charts

equidistant: in all directions, equal distances on the earth's surface correspond to distances of equal length on the map

equal-area: areas of equal size on the earth's surface appear to be of equal size in the map

shortest distance between two places on the earth's surface

line of least curvature and thus shortest flight path

great circle plane always intersects the centerof the earth

disadvantage: meridians are cut under different angles calculations of direction and length required

non-directional beacons (NDBs) are radio navigation systems operating in the long-and medium-wave range

190 -1750 kHz

the RF carrier is modulated with a low-frequency signal (transmitter identification)

as a cooperative navigation system it consists of a ground system and an on-board system