V02 Science, Technology and Innovation (the macro Story)
- Long waves of economic development - Some evidence, at various levels of analysis - Decreasing investments in R&D. Discussion
- Long waves of economic development - Some evidence, at various levels of analysis - Decreasing investments in R&D. Discussion
Set of flashcards Details
| Flashcards | 24 |
|---|---|
| Language | Deutsch |
| Category | Micro-Economics |
| Level | University |
| Created / Updated | 02.01.2020 / 10.01.2020 |
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The technological long term grwoth is characterized by repetitive progress and crisis. Name the main reasons for those.
Progress: New Technologies (Invention)
Crisis: Friction btw. new technology and organiationsal / institutional change
Name each technological trajectories for the 5 technological "ages" mentioned in the Graph.
1. Time saving innovation in the cotton industry (mechanization)
2. Flexible Energy (Steam Power)
3. Large Scale Production (chemicals, steel)
4. Cheap Mobility (Combustion Engine)
5. Cheap Computational Power (Semiconductors, Software)
Name each organisational trajectories for the 5 technological "ages" mentioned in the Graph.
1. Factory Work to control time and pace
2. Factory Work to control time and pace
3. Cost accounting + Time & Motion Studies
4. Moving assembly line (Fliesssbandarbeit)
5. Networks
Draw the Graph of the trajectory of individual technologies with "Degree of maturity and deployment of potential" on the Y-Axis and "Time" on the X-Axis. Name the three Key-Trajectorries on the X-Axis.
1. Radical Innovation -> Exploratory improvements
2. Trajectory Defined -> Clear direction for accelerated improvemtns and successsive models
3. Trajectory constricted -> Maturity
Name the 3 different phases in innovation and Industry development.
(Arora, Belenzon, Patacconi, (2015) - Killing the Golden Goose)
- Era of Ferment
- Dominant Design emerges
- Era of Incremental Change (Wolf's law: Diminishing returns)
Describe the "Era of Ferment", "Dominant Design emerges" and "era of Incremental Change" in terms of Process efficiency, number of competitors and involved actors.
(Perez (2010) - Revolutions and Paradigms)
- Process Efficiency: Increases from very inefficient to highly efficient
- Number of Competitors: Grows in first Era then declines.
- Involved Actors: Incresingly during Innovation (Suppliers, Distributors, Consumers, etc.)
Name Examples of different "Industries" where Science leads to Technology and vice verca.
Name the difference btw. Scientific vs. Technological development in Terms of:
1. Purpose
2. Essential skills
3. Disciplinary base
4. Main Output
5. Location
Qualitatively describe the trend of R&D Expenditure of Switzerland and the other countries in the past years.
- Expenditure on R&D generally increasing (Switzerland highest)
- Basic research expenditure in US constant.
- Business-financed expenditure R&D generally increasing (Switzerland highest)
- Government-financed expenditure generally decreasing (exept Switzerland is increasing) -> Swiss strategy relies on innovation & technology bc. no industry market.
Name 4 reassons why private firms spend money on R&D
(Arora, Belenzon, Sheer, (2017) - Why do Firms Invest in Research)
- Scientific knowledge as input into invention (new knowledge, infos before publication)
- Increasing Absorptive capacity (building up firm-intern scientific knowledge to understand others discoveries)
- Attracting talented inventors
- Signaling to consumers, investors, regulations (Higher Reputation)
The Basic research "R" expenditures of global R&D is decreasing. Name 5 Explenations.
(Arora, Belenzon, Patacconi, (2015) - Killing the Golden Goose)
- Globalizing competition: Driving commercial application and protection of knowledge
- Specialization: Knowledge is less likely to be useful the less you do
- Focus on short-term and incremental progress
- Universities agressively license and commercialize their discoveries
- Scientists found it increasingliy attractive to start their own business
Is public R&D funding gilling the gap of the R&D investment of the firms?
What are the consequences accoring to the paper "Killing the goose"?
No.
Without advances in the stock of scientific knowledge, technical progress will eventually falter, as will the rate of innovation.
What indicators does the paper use for the folowing?
- Scientific knowledge
- Inventive activity
- Invention used or built upon knowledge of publications
- Invention used of built upon knowledge of own publications
(Arora, Belenzon, Sheer, (2017) - Why do Firms Invest in Research)
- Scientific knowledge: Publications
- Inventive activity: Patents
- Invention used or built upon knowledge of publications: Citations by a patent to a coporate publication
- Invention used of built upon knowledge of own publications: Citations by a patent to a own publication
What happens to the implied value of a firm's publication stock when the publications are cited?
(Arora, Belenzon, Sheer, (2017) - Why do Firms Invest in Research)
The implied value of a firm's publication stock
- is greater when the publications are cited by its own patents
- is lower when the publications are cited by the patents of its rivals
Name three contributions of the relationship between the use of corporate science and investment in research.
(Arora, Belenzon, Sheer, (2017) - Why do Firms Invest in Research)
- Corporate research is useful for invention as it is more likely to be cited ba a patnet relative to the comparable iniversity publications
- Internal and external use of science in invention is related to investment in research
- The overlap of invention and research teams within a firm can explain the use of own science as an input to innovation.
What indicators does the paper use for the folowing?
- Scientific knowledge
- Inventive activity
(Arora, Belenzon, Patacconi, (2015) - Killing the Golden Goose)
- Scientific knowledge: Papers
- Inventive activity: Patents
Name a possible danger if less investment in basic research is made?
(Arora, Belenzon, Patacconi, (2015) - Killing the Golden Goose)
Technological progress will eventuelly falter, as will the rate of innovation.
Explain the Moore's Law and 3 technological challenges which contributes the Law.
(Case Study: Stability Change in the Semiconductor Industry)
Prediction that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit should double every two years.
Problem 1: Overheating Problem
Problem 2: Size of Transistors too small -> quantum effects
Problem 3: Economics -> Cost of Transistors not decreasing as expected
Which where the mayjor players in the semiconductor industry?
(Case Study: Stability Change in the Semiconductor Industry)
Intel & AMD
What parameters beside the number of transistors did also double and therefore could be used to track the technological progress in this industry?
(Case Study: Stability Change in the Semiconductor Industry)
- Power
- Frequency
- (Performance)
Explain the different specialization and differentiation in the semiconductor industry of AMD and name the reasons for those strategic decisions.
(Case Study: Stability Change in the Semiconductor Industry)
- AMD developped the first dual core processor to contribute the overheating problem in 2005 but was still behind in the fabrication process
- AMD acquired ATI (graphics card manufacturer) to get into a market niche in graphic processing.-> they expected increasing needs because of higher qualiti of digital images and higher internet speeds.
- 2009 AMD spun-off its fabrication branch to focus on processor design. (Specialization)
- 2012 AMD focussed on graphics processing efficiency for the gaming industry (PS4 and X-Box)
Explain the different specialization and differentiation in the semiconductor industry of Intel and name the reasons for those strategic decisions.
(Case Study: Stability Change in the Semiconductor Industry)
- Intel was alway more efficient in the fabrication process
- 1 year after AMD developped the dual-core processsor intel also brought one to the market -> market share of intel was secured again.
- Intel invested heavily in fabrication process and highly general applications.
- After 2012 (when transistors didn't get as cheap as expected) intel started to integrate more capabilities like graphics cards, telecomunnication to their CPU's.
How does the semiconductor industry "post Moore's law" look like? Why?
(Case Study: Stability Change in the Semiconductor Industry)
Firms like Gooogle, Tesla, Apple are now building their own semiconductor.
- Because they cannot expect large improvements from Intel or AMD after the "end" of moore's law
- So they can build their application-specific chip -> more efficient!
This shows that specialization of the Players lead to lower barrier of entry to the market.
The case Study shows the trade-off between flexibility vs. efficiency with respect to the strategies of Intel an AMD. Which player had which strategy (flexibility vs. efficiency)?
(Case Study: Stability Change in the Semiconductor Industry)
Intel: Flexibility
AMD: Efficiency
