Vorlesung 11; terrain
Universität Zürich GEO123, Frühlingssemester 2019 Tumasch Reichenbacher
Universität Zürich GEO123, Frühlingssemester 2019 Tumasch Reichenbacher
Fichier Détails
| Cartes-fiches | 14 |
|---|---|
| Langue | English |
| Catégorie | Géographie |
| Niveau | Université |
| Crée / Actualisé | 25.08.2019 / 30.08.2019 |
| Lien de web |
https://card2brain.ch/box/20190825_vorlesung_11_terrain
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| Intégrer |
<iframe src="https://card2brain.ch/box/20190825_vorlesung_11_terrain/embed" width="780" height="150" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe>
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Definition Terrain
natural land surface with its heights, depths and its typical landforms -> Bodenoberfläche ohne Bäume, Häuser etc.
Definition Topographie
physical configuration and features of land, terrain and associated features -> mit Bäumen, Häusern etc.
Definition elevation
height/depth of terrain element with respect to vertical datum plane such as sea level
Definition Relief
differenc between maximum and minimum elevations within a given area
Höhenmessungen
- levelling
- GPS (Global Positioning System)
- Radar
- Lidar
DEM = DTM
Digital Elevation Model / Digitales Terrainmodell
digital representation of continuous terrain, used to represent bare-earth terrain without vegetation and manmade features
Topographic maps
Landoberfläche mit Relief und der Konfiguration von natürlichen Phänomenen und anthropogenen Artefakten
vertical (plane) views, terrain depiction elements
- contour lines = isohypses: imaginary lines connecting points of equal elevation, show geomorphological forms
- isobath = depth contours: show seafloor relief/ terrain as contour lines
- hachure: short lines of varying width drawn in direction of steepest gradient, steepness through darkness usually combined with lighting effect
- psysiographic: sketching landforms, plan/oblique view often combined with relief shading
- shaded relief: casting light across terrain produces lighted and shadowed parts, produces a plastic 3D effect, terrain better perceived
Terrain representation, Swiss Style
- sun tint
- relief shading
- contour lines
- rock drawing (large-scale maps of mountainous terrain)
- scree pattern (loose rocks covering a slope, typically on large-scale maps of mountainous terrain)
further terrain representations
- hypsometric tinting: use of color hues to represent terrain & enhance relief cues, low altitudes -> green (fertile), above tree-line -> brownish, high altitudes -> blue (snow, glaciers)
- relief inversion: optical illusion when light source is not NW, but rather SE
- oblique views: Schrägriss, oblique viewing in direction of a terrain representation, appear 3D, but are essentially on 2D surfaces
oblique views
- panorama maps:
- more picture-like representation
- less abstract
- popular in tourism
- distorted, no unique scale
- appear 3D
- Block diagrams:
- oblique view of terrain that also includes cutaway views of subsurface, often along edges of map extent
- draped images:
- images are draped over terrain (DEM)
- image data = aerial photo, satellite image, raster map
Topographic maps: what is represented?
- configuration of landscape, all topographic features without relief:
- urban areas (Siedlung, z.B. Gebäude)
- transportation network (Verkehrswege, z.B. Strasse)
- hydrography, water bodies (Gewässer, z.B. See)
- land cover (Bodenbedeckung, z.B. Vegetation)
- individual features (Einzelobjekte, z.B. Antenne)
- boundaries (Grenzen, z.B. Gemeindegrenze)
- terrain (in der 3. Dimension)
- toponyms (labeling of the features)
- map grid, Beschriftungen etc.
topographic map functions
- show spatial configuration of natural & manmade features (what is where?)
- show relationships, topology, connectivity of features
- show distance, directions, areas
- tool for all sorts of problems with spatial/ geographic character
- orientation, navigation, route planning
auf was achten beim Herstellen topographischer Karten?
- completeness: scale and purpose define what needs to be represented
- accuracy: Lagegenauigkeit, Grundrisstreue, minimal enlargement of transportation networks and urban areas, measurable relief representation, sensible & purposeful taxonomy and classification of features
- clarity: natural looking representation, good legibility, harmony
