Energy and Transport Future - Multiple Choice

Energy can be consumed. 

CO2 emissions are greater than CO2-eq emissions.

The carbon intensity (CI) of primary energy sources descends in the following order: CI(Coal) > CI(Gas) > CI(Oil)

The terms of the Kaya equation are in reality independent on one another.

Energy can be measured in the following units: PJ, MW, Ttoe, BTU, calorie

Do heat pumps only take in electricity as an energy input?

Global total primary energy supply describes the input of naturally available resources to the energy system of the world, whereas the useful energy demand describes the energy needed to provide energy services such as lighting, heating.

Does the theoretical Coefficient of Performance of a heat pump increase with a smaller temperature spread between upper and lower temperature reservoir?

Fossil fuels are scarce resources. The world's energy demand will deplete them before the remaining CO2 Budget is exploited.

Can internal combustion engines, gas turbines and fuel cells each be used as combined heat and power plants that output valuable heat and electricity at the same time?

Negative CO2 emissions per capita are possible and negative energy demands per capita are possible.

Does switching the energy carrier of your heating system potentially lead to a decrease in heating demand in terms of useful energy?

Assume that the annual capacity additions of renewable energy technologies [GW/year] have followed the path, given in Figure 1, until a fictional time "today". From this point onwards, various trajectories of future deployment (A, B, C) are conceivable/imaginable. From the sets of explanations (1, 2, 3) given below, select the single set (1, 2 or 3) that holds the best/most correct explanations for the three development scenarios.

Does space heating typically account for the majority of the energy demand of residential buildings in cold European countries?

The following policy helps a country to reduce its carbon emissions (true of fals)

• Global carbon tax
• 2000W/capita
• Nuclear phase-out
• "One child policy"

A unit of thermal energy can easily, i.e. with efficiencies over 80%, be converted into electrical energy.

A unit of electrical energy can easily, i.e. with efficiencies over 75%, be converted into thermal energy.

Which statements are True, which are False? 

• 2000W/capita policy stimulates clean/low-carbon energy demand
• 2000W/capita policy stimulates energy efficiency improvements and energy savings
• ll policy outcomes stated in the other options are true for 1tCO2/capita policy

The useful energy demand (e.g. for heating) of a building purely depends on technical specifications of the building and the installed heating system.

Assume you live in a typical Swiss single-family house with an on-site boiler as a heating device. Possible pathways of the CO2-intensity and useful energy-intensity reduction of your house's heating system are shown in the Figure 1. From the sets of explanations (1, 2, 3) given below, select the two sets that hold the best/most correct explanations for the three development scenarios. Hint: E in the diagram is heat demand in terms of useful energy.

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Select whether the following two statements are rather True or rather False.  

1. The zeta parameter of the centralized heat pump unit is likely to be higher than the one of the decentralized unit due to the industrial-grade of the heat pump.
2. The zeta parameter of the centralized heat pump unit is likely to be higher than the one of the decentralized unit due to a larger installation size of the heat pump unit. 

So far, the utility has ignored heat losses in the district heating grid and offered the stated heat tariff. If you were to include grid heat losses and subsequent changes in heat tariffs, does this lead to a higher or lower maximum distance computed above?

Electricity from wind, solar and geothermal energy are all volatile / intermittent sources of electricity.

Analogous to thermal grids, electrical transmission and distribution grids have operating losses.

Supply and Demand of electricity must be matched in time to secure a safe operation of the electricity system. (Assuming electricity storage and import/export are not an option at the moment).

The CO₂ intensity of a kWh of coal (kgCO₂ / kWh_coal) (assume lossless conversion) is the same as the CO₂ intensity of a kWh of electricity from coal (kgCO₂ / kWh_el).

Combined cycle gas turbines potentially exhibit much higher (roughly a factor of 1.5 to 2 times) maximum electrical efficiencies than coal power plants.

Electricity storage systems can be used to aid in matching electricity generation and demand. Depending on their characteristics (power-density, energy-density, cost, durability) they can perform various tasks in the power/electricity sector, like peak shaving and grid frequency control.

Yearly capacity factors / load factors of electricity generation units are dependent on weather conditions, electricity market prices and maintenance schedules.

Most of the fuel input into large-scale nuclear or coal-fired power plants is wasted to the ambient in form of heat.

The figure below shows the estimated Levelized Cost of Electricity via various energy sources over the next decades with a span of reasonable estimation.

The figure below shows the estimated Levelized Cost of Electricity via various energy sources over the next decades with a span of reasonable estimation.

Governments know about national motor fuel consumption by interviewing owners of fuel stations

Diesel national consumption is directly proportional to the number of diesel cars in the fleet

Most of Swiss jet fuel consumption comes from international flights

CO₂ emissions by sector are directly proportional to the end-energy consumption by sector

Most of electricity consumption by the transport sector is due to railways

Knowing how people drive on a single day is enough to assess their yearly performance

Fragetext

By just looking at cars, national pkm are always bigger than national vkm

Ships and boats are exclusively a public mode of transport