4 Business Advanced English 2, SW3, OA3

And no need to p..... o..... and holiday or sick pay.

And no need to pay overheads and h.... o.... s.... p.....

Champions of the crowdsourcing model claim that it’s a powerful force for the redistribution of wealth, bringing a fresh stream of income and f....... w..... into emerging economies such as India and the Philippines (two of the biggest markets for these platforms).

It’s a factor in d..... d..... real wages and increasing inequality,”

emerging global class with no financial security, j..... s..... or prospect of c..... p......

will eventually have a k..... e.... on the wages of traditional employees

And it’s not just u..... l..... that’s being done online

Van der Mersch argues that there are c..... d..... o.... for c..... w...., with many startups using the site as a way of t...... o.... freelancers to see if they’re a good cultural fit before offering them a p..... j.... – and vice versa.

these r..... f.... are very entrepreneurial, which is one of the mindset start-ups looking for

“They are s...... and they don’t need someone looking over their shoulder.”

For now this sector of the l...... m.... is largely unregulated but Standing says there is urgent need for an i..... c.... o.... e..... and low-cost means of redress to protect vulnerable workers.

It is becoming easier than ever for employers to k.... a.... e.... o.... their staff

Earpieces relay orders to warehouse employees and can also t.... t..... p..... a.... d.....

report on each other’s performance via an o..... f..... t.....

we find strong, clear correlations between sleep patterns and concentration, between levels of anxiety and stress o..... t.... w..... and performance i.... t.... w......”

for companies with g..... a..... “these kind of technologies are uniquely placed to provide significant c.... a......

BP gives out Fitbit fitness trackers to its North American staff as part of an i..... p..... to reduce healthcare costs.

the a.... o..... s..... and the p.... t.... m..... t..... at all times can cause anxiety, offsetting any increases in wellbeing

find it harder to make their r...... s..... stretch as the average life expectancy, which is currently above 81 in the UK

workers will s..... w...... g...... rather than abruptly upon reaching r..... a...., which currently stands at 65 for men and 62 for women in the UK but will rise to 67 for both by 2028.

For many older workers, however, r..... i.... e..... beyond 65 is an unsettling prospect.

certain type of older worker with s..... s..... can manage transitions from one job to another easily

for a lot of people, not only those in l....., p..... d..... j...... but also those who don’t have that much experience m.... j.... t...., they are going to feel a real sense of loss in job security and economic security if that cliff-edge approach is taken away

workers s.... w.... s.... o.... retirement age

According to one UK survey, r..... r.... by age group in 2011 rose steeply from 5% for under-30s, to 26% for the 45-49 age group, to 37% for those over 50

age, t.... o.... a.... often s.... a..... older people applying for jobs.

one with u...... s..... and another with experience and a qualification from 40 years ago, there might be some logic for a r...... employer to choose the first candidate,

But it might also be because employers assume that younger people are more adaptable, cheaper, more t...... and are going to stay with the organisation longer.”

there is also an onus on the government and employers to provide w.... p.... and a..... to m...... a s..... o..... w.....

He gives the example of the Silver Human Resource Centre in Japan, which provides p....., p..... e..... for people over 60;