4 Business Advanced English 2, SW3, OA3

Forget the rigid c.... l.... – now the c.... l.... allows free-flowing ideas and c.... p....

Browse the business section of any bookshop and you’ll find dozens of titles promising to share the secret to c.... t.... c..... l....

One of the key w.... t.... of the 21st century has been the collapse of the corporate ladder, whereby loyal employees climbed towards the h..... e.... of management one p.... at a time.

industrial revolution, when successful businesses were built on e.... o... s...., standardisation and a s..... h.....

shifts taking place, one [of the biggest] is the c..... o..... t..... w...., which is far more diverse in every way,” she says.

This new d...., combined with t.... a..., has fed demand for a more collaborative and f..... w.... e.....

companies have “f..... o....” by about 25% over the past 25 years, losing several l..... o.... m..... in favour of a more g ..... s......., where ideas f..... a.... horizontal, vertical and diagonal paths.

Individuals will have the freedom t.... p.... t... the CEO

In the lattice organisation you can find growth by doing different roles, so you have new experiences, you a..... n.... s..., you t.... i.... new networks.

you stay relevant by acquiring a portfolio of t.... s.....

A recent report, The Future Workplace, commissioned by financial protection specialist Unum and authored by The Future Laboratory, reveals how the workplace is evolving and what employers need to do successfully to manage e.... w.... over the next 15 years.

One of the key findings of the survey was that in order to a..... a... r..... h...... e...., companies need to f.... a m..... c..... e..... This might involve h....., ideas workshops and regularly switching teams.

to c.... w.... the startups that are disrupting their business

a huge challenge in attracting the m..... g...... to come and work for them.

Those people (millennials) expect much more e...... e.....

having the freedom t.... t.... f.... o..... of particular domains or projects

they are now o...... most of their competitors

A...... has become increasingly prevalent.

r..... entire professions o..... even as they boost productivity and convenience

destructive, rendering entire professions obsolete even as they b...... productivity and convenience

are going to have a far more dramatic i...... o..... the workplace

By absorbing the routine aspects of our jobs, optimists argue, machines are f..... u.... u.... f.... more creative activities

jobs in the US could be s.... t.... computerisation over the next two decades

robots could j..... between 40m and 75m j..... worldwide.

Many areas of m..... w.... are being affected.

robot called Baxter, which can h..... a wide variety of t.....

It’s not just m.... l.... that’s ripe for automation

w....... j..... are also at risk as software becomes more sophisticated.

finance is b..... o.... to computers

Watson can s.... t..... symptoms

a very large fraction of our workforce is e.... i.... activities that are on some level routine

If this is the case, r..... a large portion of the workforce to engage in more creative activity beyond the reach of automation will pose an enormous challenge.

Websites that match employers with f...... are growing fast – and so is the potential for lower wages and inequality

Websites that match employers with freelancers are growing fast – and so is the potential for l..... w.... and i.....

In the past decade cloud computing has radically altered the way we work, but it’s the growth of the “h...... c....” – a vast g..... p.... of freelancers who are available to w.... o.... d.... from remote locations on a mind-boggling array of digital tasks – which is really set to s.... u.... the world of work.

inviting them to b..... f.... each task.

They c.... f.... approximately 3m tasks or projects each year

it’s hard to p.... d..... exactly how many people are using these sites worldwide

but m.... c..... McKinsey estimate

instant access to a p.... o.... c...., w.... t...., without having to go through lengthy r..... p......